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qualitative observations use
- senses (think qualities)
- examples of qualitative observations from lab A - manilla or gold, something inside, rectangular
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quantitative observations use
- numbers and or measurements
- examples of quantitative observations from Lab A - 10x13, 7 objects inside, 3 red, 1 yellow, 2 metal, 1 multicolor
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an inference is
- an interpretation or an explanation of an observation
- "temperatures influence male crocodile hatchings"
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an observation is
- unbiased and objective
- anyone can do it
- it is the initial step for the scientific method
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In lab A, what was the dependent (responding) variable?
percent of males hatched
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in Lab A, what was the manipulated (independent) variable?
temperature
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which axis gets the dependent (responding) variable?
y axis (the vertical one)
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which axis gets the manipulated (independent) variable?
the x axis (the horizontal one)
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differences between a controlled group and an experimental group?
controlled group is one where there is no manipulated variable, while a manipulated variable is introduced into an experimental group. the control group is used to compare with experimental group
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list a controlled variable for the meal worm experiment we did in lab A?
temperature
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Are prokaryotic cells multicellular?
no - they don't have nuclei or membrane bound organelles, either
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are plant cells prokaryotic?
- no - eukaryotes
- they also have cell walls, chloroplasts and large central vacuoles for water storage
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are animal cells eukaryotes?
yes
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do animal cells have a cell wall?
- nope. just plants have cell walls
- animal cells are eukaryotic and multicellular and their cells have membranes, nuclei, membrane-bound organelles.
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do plant cells have a large central vacuole?
yes
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do protist cells live in dry environments?
- nope. they live in freshwater, marine and moist terrestrial environments and can be used as indicators of soil and water quality
- some are disease-causing parasites
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how do protist cells move?
with tail like flagella or hair-like cilia
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number of different types of organism is called?
diversity
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the number of each type of individual organism is called
abundance
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archaea are?
- prokaryotes
- live in very primitive environments, bacteria
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eubacteria
prokaryotes - common bacteria
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eukaryotes?
protists, fungi, animal and plant cells
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what is a protist?
- unicellular or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms
- different protists can photosynthesize or consume bacteria and other protists
- capable of movement, some aggregate into colonies that move together
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why are protists important?
- indicators of soil and water quality
- food for ecosystems, including plankton
- aquatic protists (algae) provide at least half the oxygen supply on earth
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predator prey relationship
the reason photosynthetic protists exploded first in Lab B, followed by predator protists
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diffusion
the process by which molecules tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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osmosis
special case of diffusion in regards to the movement of water. water moves towards an area of high solute concentration.
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during osmosis, water moves across
a semi-permeable membrane
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diffusion occurs slower/faster when a high concentration solution is present on the other side of a membrane?
slower - in diffusion, it's attracted to lower concentrations
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isotonic
- concentration same inside and out
- no net movement of water in or out of cell
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hypertonic
- a cell has a high concentration of solution outside of cell than inside
- water will move out of the cell towards the higher solute concentration
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hypotonic
- concentration is lower on the outside than inside of the cell
- water moves into the cell
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when given an iv why do we use a saline solution instead of pure distilled water?
- because water would rush into a saltier cell and the cell would explode
- Kaboom!
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is it easier for cells to gradually evolve the capacity to be isotonic in freshwater or in marine environments?
- marine environments
- freshwater would be constantly fighting to prevent hypotonic
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what is the significance of temperature on the rate of diffusion in nature?
higher the heat, the quicker the reaction - it speeds diffusion
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3 examples of how diffusion or osmosis keep you alive?
- hydration - through osmosis our cell walls stay hydrated
- digestion - through diffusion, we get our nutrients
- oxygen into blood - diffusion
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chloroplasts are
cells that can perform photosynthesis
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what captures energy from light?
chloprophyll
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equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O yields 6O2 + C6H12O6
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equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 +6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H20
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what molecules do you need to form before doing photosynthesis?
CO2, H2O
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In nature, what else would you need (besides carbon dioxide and water) to have before you could accomplish photosynthesis?
sunlight and chloroplasts
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what gas is absorbed and what gas is released with people?
- Oxygen absorbed
- CO2 released
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what gas is absorbed and what gas is released with trees?
co2 absorbed, 02 released
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what gas is absorbed and what is released with soil bacteria?
oxygen absorbed, carbon dioxide released
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what did we learn about seeds, yeast, humans and sprite in Lab C's "what's that gas activity" (bromothymol blue changed yellow when we blew into it)
a chemical reaction occurred with carbon dioxide, noting that all of us use cellular respiration and release carbon dioxide
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alleles
- versions of a gene
- you get one from each parent
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an organism carrying two identical alleles
homozygote
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an organism carrying two different alleles
heterozygote
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the study of heredity
genetics
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the basic unit of heredity (a segment of DNA located at a particular place on a chromosome that contains the information to make a specific molecule)
gene
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one of several alternative forms of a particular gene
allele
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the genetic information of an individual located in the DNA
genotype
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the physical appearance of an individual
phenotype
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to determine a person's blood type, what is added to their blood?
antibodies - they're protein markers that test for the presence of a specific antigen
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antigens
surface proteins on the red blood cells
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If you have blood type A, what antigen do you have, what antibody is produced, and why?
- A antigen
- B antibody
- Because the antibody has the specific shape to fit with the antigen, A antibodies would react with the antigen and cause clotting
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What is O for a blood type?
- O is recessive so if you have one O allele, you're either A (AO), B (BO)
- If you're type O, you have OO genotype
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If you have blood type O, what antigen do you have, what antibody is produces and why?
- No antigens, have both A&B antibodies
- no clotting would happen if a fake antibody was present on a red blood cells (because no antigens to attack)
- but if you got a blood transfusion from someone with a different blood type, there would be clotting because you're introducing antigens
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the manipulation of genetic material to aid in the production of a certain product
biotechnology
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DNA is a polymer made of many
nucleotide monomers
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restriction enzyme
used to recognize and snip out a section of the DNA molecule that is expected to show differences between indivduals
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humans share how much of their DNA?
99.9
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to see differences in size between DNA fragments, researchers subject extracted and fragmented DNA to a process called
electrophoresis
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what does agarose gel do in electrophoresis?
- forms a matrix (like a Jello jiggler) - one one end of the gel, there are wells where DNA samples are placed
- electricity is sent through the gel - it moves from the negative charged end to the positively charged end
- negatively charged DNA moves towards positive end of chamber but the gel won't let it transfer easily
- depending on size of the fragment, the DNA gets stuck in the gel
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what does the buffer do in electrophoresis?
maintains pH and electrical current
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what does the blue loading dye do in electrophoresis?
- adds weight to the DNA sample so it will fall to the bottom of the gel
- provide a general reference to see how quickly samples travel down the gel over time
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what does fast blast stain do?
after electrophoresis is complete, the stain dyes the actual DNA fragment bands
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what property of DNA makes electrophoresis possible?
negative charge
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what ways does biotech improve human life?
insulin, GMOs, gene therapy
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what does complimentary base pairing mean?
DNA is double stranded and each nitrogenous base on one strand is paired to its complement on the other strand
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what complement pairs with A in DNA?
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what compliment pairs with C in DNA?
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physical and/or behavioral characteristics that may help animals survive and reproduce more easily than other individuals under a specific set of environmental conditions
- adaptations are the characteristics
- natural selection is the concept
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mutations
- novel genetic changes
- different genotypes arise through mutations
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can you, as an individual, go through biological adaptation?
no. silly.
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parthenogenesis
- hybrid females that can produce young without mating
- it's a kind of asexual reproduction
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4 tenets of natural selection
- variation
- overproduction
- competition
- differential survival and reproduction (better suited to environment survive)
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analogous
don't share common ancestor
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homologous
any structures shared by two species with common ancestry
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three basic types of teeth and functions?
- canines (biting and shredding, indicates secondary consumer)
- molars (grinding and mashing - primary consumers if all are molars)
- incisors (snipping and cutting - primary and secondary have these)
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canines plus molars means
it eats meat and plants
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turbinates
convoluted bone structures - only warm blooded animals have these
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purpose of turbinates?
warm air before it reaches internal cavities
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so instead of turbinates, the skull of a cold blooded animal would have
hole where nose is
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where do predatory animals have their eye sockets?
straight ahead, for depth perception
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prey animals have eye sockets?
on the sides, for peripheral vision
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Producers in the food chain are
plants
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primary consumers eat
plants
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secondary consumers eat
primary consumers and producers
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cell theory tenets?
- all living things made of cells
- cell is basic unit of life
- cell has all components necessary to complete all of the activities of life (growing, using/making energy, reproducing, etc.)
- an organism can be comprised of one living cell or many cells
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type of microscope needed to see cells?
a compound
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compound microscope has two types of lenses. they are?
- ocular (closest to your eye - 10x)
- objective (closest to specimen - variable, 4x, 10x, 40x)
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total magnification possible thru microscope
ocular x objective
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virtual image?
- light is refracted and produces a virtual image on the retina
- upside down e
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depth of field
- crossed threads wet mount slide
- only one piece of thread should be in focus at a time - use fine focus knob
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the replacement of one species by another in a given environment
ecological succession
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