The flashcards below were created by user
jenmuz
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
qualitative observations use
- senses (think qualities)
- examples of qualitative observations from lab A - manilla or gold, something inside, rectangular
-
quantitative observations use
- numbers and or measurements
- examples of quantitative observations from Lab A - 10x13, 7 objects inside, 3 red, 1 yellow, 2 metal, 1 multicolor
-
an inference is
- an interpretation or an explanation of an observation
- "temperatures influence male crocodile hatchings"
-
an observation is
- unbiased and objective
- anyone can do it
- it is the initial step for the scientific method
-
In lab A, what was the dependent (responding) variable?
percent of males hatched
-
in Lab A, what was the manipulated (independent) variable?
temperature
-
which axis gets the dependent (responding) variable?
y axis (the vertical one)
-
which axis gets the manipulated (independent) variable?
the x axis (the horizontal one)
-
differences between a controlled group and an experimental group?
controlled group is one where there is no manipulated variable, while a manipulated variable is introduced into an experimental group. the control group is used to compare with experimental group
-
list a controlled variable for the meal worm experiment we did in lab A?
temperature
-
Are prokaryotic cells multicellular?
no - they don't have nuclei or membrane bound organelles, either
-
are plant cells prokaryotic?
- no - eukaryotes
- they also have cell walls, chloroplasts and large central vacuoles for water storage
-
are animal cells eukaryotes?
yes
-
do animal cells have a cell wall?
- nope. just plants have cell walls
- animal cells are eukaryotic and multicellular and their cells have membranes, nuclei, membrane-bound organelles.
-
do plant cells have a large central vacuole?
yes
-
do protist cells live in dry environments?
- nope. they live in freshwater, marine and moist terrestrial environments and can be used as indicators of soil and water quality
- some are disease-causing parasites
-
how do protist cells move?
with tail like flagella or hair-like cilia
-
number of different types of organism is called?
diversity
-
the number of each type of individual organism is called
abundance
-
archaea are?
- prokaryotes
- live in very primitive environments, bacteria
-
eubacteria
prokaryotes - common bacteria
-
eukaryotes?
protists, fungi, animal and plant cells
-
what is a protist?
- unicellular or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms
- different protists can photosynthesize or consume bacteria and other protists
- capable of movement, some aggregate into colonies that move together
-
why are protists important?
- indicators of soil and water quality
- food for ecosystems, including plankton
- aquatic protists (algae) provide at least half the oxygen supply on earth
-
predator prey relationship
the reason photosynthetic protists exploded first in Lab B, followed by predator protists
-
diffusion
the process by which molecules tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
-
osmosis
special case of diffusion in regards to the movement of water. water moves towards an area of high solute concentration.
-
during osmosis, water moves across
a semi-permeable membrane
-
diffusion occurs slower/faster when a high concentration solution is present on the other side of a membrane?
slower - in diffusion, it's attracted to lower concentrations
-
isotonic
- concentration same inside and out
- no net movement of water in or out of cell
-
hypertonic
- a cell has a high concentration of solution outside of cell than inside
- water will move out of the cell towards the higher solute concentration
-
hypotonic
- concentration is lower on the outside than inside of the cell
- water moves into the cell
-
when given an iv why do we use a saline solution instead of pure distilled water?
- because water would rush into a saltier cell and the cell would explode
- Kaboom!
-
is it easier for cells to gradually evolve the capacity to be isotonic in freshwater or in marine environments?
- marine environments
- freshwater would be constantly fighting to prevent hypotonic
-
what is the significance of temperature on the rate of diffusion in nature?
higher the heat, the quicker the reaction - it speeds diffusion
-
3 examples of how diffusion or osmosis keep you alive?
- hydration - through osmosis our cell walls stay hydrated
- digestion - through diffusion, we get our nutrients
- oxygen into blood - diffusion
-
chloroplasts are
cells that can perform photosynthesis
-
what captures energy from light?
chloprophyll
-
equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O yields 6O2 + C6H12O6
-
equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 +6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H20
-
what molecules do you need to form before doing photosynthesis?
CO2, H2O
-
In nature, what else would you need (besides carbon dioxide and water) to have before you could accomplish photosynthesis?
sunlight and chloroplasts
-
what gas is absorbed and what gas is released with people?
- Oxygen absorbed
- CO2 released
-
what gas is absorbed and what gas is released with trees?
co2 absorbed, 02 released
-
what gas is absorbed and what is released with soil bacteria?
oxygen absorbed, carbon dioxide released
-
what did we learn about seeds, yeast, humans and sprite in Lab C's "what's that gas activity" (bromothymol blue changed yellow when we blew into it)
a chemical reaction occurred with carbon dioxide, noting that all of us use cellular respiration and release carbon dioxide
-
alleles
- versions of a gene
- you get one from each parent
-
an organism carrying two identical alleles
homozygote
-
an organism carrying two different alleles
heterozygote
-
the study of heredity
genetics
-
the basic unit of heredity (a segment of DNA located at a particular place on a chromosome that contains the information to make a specific molecule)
gene
-
one of several alternative forms of a particular gene
allele
-
the genetic information of an individual located in the DNA
genotype
-
the physical appearance of an individual
phenotype
-
to determine a person's blood type, what is added to their blood?
antibodies - they're protein markers that test for the presence of a specific antigen
-
antigens
surface proteins on the red blood cells
-
If you have blood type A, what antigen do you have, what antibody is produced, and why?
- A antigen
- B antibody
- Because the antibody has the specific shape to fit with the antigen, A antibodies would react with the antigen and cause clotting
-
What is O for a blood type?
- O is recessive so if you have one O allele, you're either A (AO), B (BO)
- If you're type O, you have OO genotype
-
If you have blood type O, what antigen do you have, what antibody is produces and why?
- No antigens, have both A&B antibodies
- no clotting would happen if a fake antibody was present on a red blood cells (because no antigens to attack)
- but if you got a blood transfusion from someone with a different blood type, there would be clotting because you're introducing antigens
-
the manipulation of genetic material to aid in the production of a certain product
biotechnology
-
DNA is a polymer made of many
nucleotide monomers
-
restriction enzyme
used to recognize and snip out a section of the DNA molecule that is expected to show differences between indivduals
-
humans share how much of their DNA?
99.9
-
to see differences in size between DNA fragments, researchers subject extracted and fragmented DNA to a process called
electrophoresis
-
what does agarose gel do in electrophoresis?
- forms a matrix (like a Jello jiggler) - one one end of the gel, there are wells where DNA samples are placed
- electricity is sent through the gel - it moves from the negative charged end to the positively charged end
- negatively charged DNA moves towards positive end of chamber but the gel won't let it transfer easily
- depending on size of the fragment, the DNA gets stuck in the gel
-
what does the buffer do in electrophoresis?
maintains pH and electrical current
-
what does the blue loading dye do in electrophoresis?
- adds weight to the DNA sample so it will fall to the bottom of the gel
- provide a general reference to see how quickly samples travel down the gel over time
-
what does fast blast stain do?
after electrophoresis is complete, the stain dyes the actual DNA fragment bands
-
what property of DNA makes electrophoresis possible?
negative charge
-
what ways does biotech improve human life?
insulin, GMOs, gene therapy
-
what does complimentary base pairing mean?
DNA is double stranded and each nitrogenous base on one strand is paired to its complement on the other strand
-
what complement pairs with A in DNA?
-
what compliment pairs with C in DNA?
-
physical and/or behavioral characteristics that may help animals survive and reproduce more easily than other individuals under a specific set of environmental conditions
- adaptations are the characteristics
- natural selection is the concept
-
mutations
- novel genetic changes
- different genotypes arise through mutations
-
can you, as an individual, go through biological adaptation?
no. silly.
-
parthenogenesis
- hybrid females that can produce young without mating
- it's a kind of asexual reproduction
-
4 tenets of natural selection
- variation
- overproduction
- competition
- differential survival and reproduction (better suited to environment survive)
-
analogous
don't share common ancestor
-
homologous
any structures shared by two species with common ancestry
-
three basic types of teeth and functions?
- canines (biting and shredding, indicates secondary consumer)
- molars (grinding and mashing - primary consumers if all are molars)
- incisors (snipping and cutting - primary and secondary have these)
-
canines plus molars means
it eats meat and plants
-
turbinates
convoluted bone structures - only warm blooded animals have these
-
purpose of turbinates?
warm air before it reaches internal cavities
-
so instead of turbinates, the skull of a cold blooded animal would have
hole where nose is
-
where do predatory animals have their eye sockets?
straight ahead, for depth perception
-
prey animals have eye sockets?
on the sides, for peripheral vision
-
Producers in the food chain are
plants
-
primary consumers eat
plants
-
secondary consumers eat
primary consumers and producers
-
cell theory tenets?
- all living things made of cells
- cell is basic unit of life
- cell has all components necessary to complete all of the activities of life (growing, using/making energy, reproducing, etc.)
- an organism can be comprised of one living cell or many cells
-
type of microscope needed to see cells?
a compound
-
compound microscope has two types of lenses. they are?
- ocular (closest to your eye - 10x)
- objective (closest to specimen - variable, 4x, 10x, 40x)
-
total magnification possible thru microscope
ocular x objective
-
virtual image?
- light is refracted and produces a virtual image on the retina
- upside down e
-
depth of field
- crossed threads wet mount slide
- only one piece of thread should be in focus at a time - use fine focus knob
-
the replacement of one species by another in a given environment
ecological succession
|
|