History 10, Exam 1

• 1. Bridge that connected Asia onto the North American continent
• 2. It allowed animals and the Paleo-Indians to pass
• 3. The bridge was made about 15,000 years ago
• Significance: A part of the evolution of man during the last ice age

• 1. A cereal crop grown widely throughout the world
• 2. Explorers & traders carried it back to Europe & introduced it to other countries
• 3. Has ability to grow in diverse climates
• Significance: Largely used as livestock feed & as raw material for industrial products

• 1. A new world plant grown by Indians
• 2. Drains the soil quickly
• 3. Was a "hit" in England
• Significance: Crop that saved Jamestown

• 1. Old & New world exchange of diseases, plants, animals, & ppl (use of Bering land bridge)
• 2. Many Paleo-Indians/their military died of disease
• 3. Disease was one of the most tragic exports (90% died of small pox)
• Significance: Increased pop. w/ variety of crops and livestock

• 1. They would have council meetings to discuss what to do about important situations
• 2. Both ppl & chief/leader were named "Powhatan"
• 3. 1st major group to have contact w/ settlers at Jamestown
• Significance: If it weren't for the Powhatan tribe, the colonists wouldn't have survived.

• 1. Nobody really lived there much
• 2. Colonists needed indians who were good providers
• 3. Settlers dining on dogs, cats, rats, & mice
• Significance: Became tobacco company

• 1. He was one of 4 ppl responsible for Jamestown's survival
• 2. He was an explorer and cartographer
• 3. He was captured by Opechi Kanowa
• Significance: He established 1st permanent English settlement in North Amer

• 1. It's one of the 1st English colonies in America
• 2. Town in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims in 1620
• 3. Citizens fled religious persecution & searched for place to worship God as they saw fit
• Significance: The first thanksgiving was held there

• 1. Majority of them weren't all "Puritans"
• 2. They got dumped by Mayflower's captain in Massachusetts
• 3. They were 1st group of English colonists that came to America w/ intent to stay
• Significance: They were escaping religious tyranny and wanted to practice freely.

• 1. He was thought to have been assasinate by Massasoit instead of suspicious "fever" death
• 2. He lived w/ Pilgrims for 18 months & spoke perfect English
• 3. He was kidnapped by English slavers
• Significance: He helped pilgrims survive after 1st winter; Seen as "Pillar of God"

• 1. Land loss brought tensions between English colonists & Powhatan Indians
• 2. Opechi Kanuwa planned epic first attack & killed one quarter of settlement pop.
• 3. They formed a truce & then prepared again in 1644 for bigger attack
• Significance: The spread of English settlements onto Indian lands would lead to further wars w/ Natives

• 1. 1st big New England colony/Indian War
• 2. Not much potential for Indians to push back against colonization in Connecticut
• 3. Indians built fur trade post for goods
• Significance: The destruction of the Pequots cleared away only major obstacle to Puritan expansion

• 1. War that broke out in 1675-1676
• 2. 5,000 Indians were killed, about 40% of pop.
• 3. 2,500 Colonists were killed, about 5% of pop.
• Significance: Bloodiest war in American History

• 1. Nathaniel Bacon planned protest for high taxes, low tobacco prices, restrictions on right to vote & not getting any protection from gov.
• 2. He led angry mob to burn Jamestown & Indian settlements
• 3. Jamestown burned down, Bacon got illness, & his death ended rebellion
• Significance: Ended w/ reduction of taxes, unifying of diff. nations & race, & giving rights back to free man

• 1. 1692 Witch trails based on supposed voodoo incidents w/ teenage girls whom acted possessed
• 2. Adults brought in professionals to perform "special" courts
• 3. They targeted slaves or ppl of lower class to be the "witches"
• Significance: The judgements & persecutions ppl made & the hysteria it led to for those who questioned diff ppl or those who believed differently

• 1. They celebrated generalized idea of Protestant Christianity
• 2. People would camp out in tents & have dramatic meetings w/ preachers, like a religious Woodstock
• 3. They deemed it acceptable to Christianize your slaves
• Significance: Movement that tended to encourage separation of church & state

• 1. Overwhelmingly fought by Indians
• 2. First shots were from the Indians towards the French colony's "Fort Necessity"
• 3. It allowed British to attain dominant position in N. Amer., the West Indies, & subcontinent of India
• Significance: Re-evaluation of Colonial relationship between Amer. Colonies & Mother country

• 1. No English-speaking settlers could go West of Applachian Mountains
• 2. Thousands went westward beyond boundary line drawn by British
• 3. British thought it was proper method for protecting its colonial empire & making colonies pay costs for protection
• Significance: It was 1st of a series of acts by the British gov that were met w/ anger & resistance in colonies

• 1. Rebelled that tea was too cheap
• 2. It started from rage against British East India Company which controlled nearly all commerce to & from N. Amer. w/ subsidies & special dispensation from Brit. crown
• 3. 116 protestors dumped 90,000 lbs of tea
• Significance: Britain realized that more control was needed in the colonies which resulted the Intolerable Acts & Quebec Act.

• 1. He never learned French, so he was unaware of statement he signed confessing to murder of Jumonville
• 2. He had a long streak of bad luck & learned from mistakes
• 3. He spoke against Britain's policies & became leader in Association
• Significance: He led Continental Army during American Revolution

Founded in 1492

Founded in 1607

Founded in Dec 21, 1620

the storyline

• source that was created in the period of time of which it set occurred; it is what it is
• Ex: a letter from the Civil War

• Pre-digested history
• Ex: History book; taking primary sources & put it all in one source; newspapers

• Hero vs. Villian
• Took continent that was separated from the known world & brought them back together again.
• Didn't exactly "discover" America

• Father of Protestant Reformation
• He had crisis w/ a fundraiser for a church, which drove him to Christianity

• Part I (Fail): Base for English Pirates
• Part II: Brought down men who ticked off the Indians
• Part III: Pilots of ship were interested in hobby = to go on freelance pirating expeditions

• Family-based colony
• Men, women, & children
• They succeed more because they MULTIPLY
• They followed this idea, but had bad timing during Spanish Armada

• Let Spain come in w/ all of their goods & then Francis Drake took all of their belongings & brought it to Queen Eliz I
• England won

kill, rape, steal, do anything as a "soldier" to drive away any of those who had different beliefs

• Finished that year
• Spanish had big expansion of Islam

Also known as Arrawak

You have a bunch of investors that buy a piece of an expected colony

• language family
• cluster of different types of Indians

• Lived on a miz of horticulture, fishing, hunting, & gathering
• Gender roles in food production: Men=hunted smoked tobacco, & provided tribute, Women=farmed
• English colonists misunderstood Indians as lazy

• "sachem" or "sagamore"
• Usually a lesser chief than sachem, translates to "commander"
• Combined roles of healer, priest, counselor, & conjurer

highest-level tribal political leader in a region

charity. Job was only to provide & protect his ppl

To keep ur friends close, but enemies closer

Jan 1, 1608

Was forced to leave Jamestown for medical care after gunpowder bag exploded in his lap

• Tensions were high after Smith's Departure in Jamestown
• Led civilians to dine on rats, cats, mice, dogs
• Even stirred themselves up to dig dead corpses out of graves

• Converted to Christianity
• Powhatan thinks twice about attacking "Rebecca"
• Married John Wolfe (1614-1617)
• Survived off of bacon

• Area offered harbors, navigable rivers, & a more fertile land
• They would settle on James River

one having all rights of a citizen

Burgesses in the HOUSE (church)

• Representative
• Ppl vote for members

law-making

group made up of 22 members elected by land owners over 17

if you're paying your own way, they're gonna reward you w/ some land; so acres for just showing up & not dying

contract where someone else pays your way over; give some of your own land, but not treated well

• Protestant = Not Catholic
• Puritan = Radical Protestant (purify faith)
• Pilgrim = (Half of those on the Mayflower)

Main settlement of the Powhatan

Leader of Powhatan Confederacy

• Protestant church
• The King was at head of it & got to say who Arch Bishops would be

After 1618, every settler who paid own way got 50 acres

Philosophy that colonies exist for benefit of mother country

• Beginning of slavery
• America's Democratic Institutions
• virginia Taxpayers Organized House of Burgesses: Colonial America's 1st elected legislature (only eligable voters were white, male landowners)

Dec, 1620

• Extremely freezing weather
• Quietly buried dead to not come off as weak to Indians, Even tho they still had not come in contact w/ them

1st Native American to make contact w/ Pilgrims (March 16, 1621)

• For trading rights
• Lasted about 40 years