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Bering Land Bridge
- 1. Bridge that connected Asia onto the North American continent
- 2. It allowed animals and the Paleo-Indians to pass
- 3. The bridge was made about 15,000 years ago
- Significance: A part of the evolution of man during the last ice age
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Maize
- 1. A cereal crop grown widely throughout the world
- 2. Explorers & traders carried it back to Europe & introduced it to other countries
- 3. Has ability to grow in diverse climates
- Significance: Largely used as livestock feed & as raw material for industrial products
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Tobacco
- 1. A new world plant grown by Indians
- 2. Drains the soil quickly
- 3. Was a "hit" in England
- Significance: Crop that saved Jamestown
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Columbian Exchange
- 1. Old & New world exchange of diseases, plants, animals, & ppl (use of Bering land bridge)
- 2. Many Paleo-Indians/their military died of disease
- 3. Disease was one of the most tragic exports (90% died of small pox)
- Significance: Increased pop. w/ variety of crops and livestock
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Powhatan Confederacy
- 1. They would have council meetings to discuss what to do about important situations
- 2. Both ppl & chief/leader were named "Powhatan"
- 3. 1st major group to have contact w/ settlers at Jamestown
- Significance: If it weren't for the Powhatan tribe, the colonists wouldn't have survived.
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Jamestown
- 1. Nobody really lived there much
- 2. Colonists needed indians who were good providers
- 3. Settlers dining on dogs, cats, rats, & mice
- Significance: Became tobacco company
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John Smith (1580-1631)
- 1. He was one of 4 ppl responsible for Jamestown's survival
- 2. He was an explorer and cartographer
- 3. He was captured by Opechi Kanowa
- Significance: He established 1st permanent English settlement in North Amer
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Plymouth
- 1. It's one of the 1st English colonies in America
- 2. Town in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims in 1620
- 3. Citizens fled religious persecution & searched for place to worship God as they saw fit
- Significance: The first thanksgiving was held there
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Pilgrims
- 1. Majority of them weren't all "Puritans"
- 2. They got dumped by Mayflower's captain in Massachusetts
- 3. They were 1st group of English colonists that came to America w/ intent to stay
- Significance: They were escaping religious tyranny and wanted to practice freely.
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Squanto
- 1. He was thought to have been assasinate by Massasoit instead of suspicious "fever" death
- 2. He lived w/ Pilgrims for 18 months & spoke perfect English
- 3. He was kidnapped by English slavers
- Significance: He helped pilgrims survive after 1st winter; Seen as "Pillar of God"
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Anglo-Powhatan War
- 1. Land loss brought tensions between English colonists & Powhatan Indians
- 2. Opechi Kanuwa planned epic first attack & killed one quarter of settlement pop.
- 3. They formed a truce & then prepared again in 1644 for bigger attack
- Significance: The spread of English settlements onto Indian lands would lead to further wars w/ Natives
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Pequot War
- 1. 1st big New England colony/Indian War
- 2. Not much potential for Indians to push back against colonization in Connecticut
- 3. Indians built fur trade post for goods
- Significance: The destruction of the Pequots cleared away only major obstacle to Puritan expansion
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King Philip's War
- 1. War that broke out in 1675-1676
- 2. 5,000 Indians were killed, about 40% of pop.
- 3. 2,500 Colonists were killed, about 5% of pop.
- Significance: Bloodiest war in American History
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Bacon's Rebellion
- 1. Nathaniel Bacon planned protest for high taxes, low tobacco prices, restrictions on right to vote & not getting any protection from gov.
- 2. He led angry mob to burn Jamestown & Indian settlements
- 3. Jamestown burned down, Bacon got illness, & his death ended rebellion
- Significance: Ended w/ reduction of taxes, unifying of diff. nations & race, & giving rights back to free man
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Salem
- 1. 1692 Witch trails based on supposed voodoo incidents w/ teenage girls whom acted possessed
- 2. Adults brought in professionals to perform "special" courts
- 3. They targeted slaves or ppl of lower class to be the "witches"
- Significance: The judgements & persecutions ppl made & the hysteria it led to for those who questioned diff ppl or those who believed differently
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The Great Awakening
- 1. They celebrated generalized idea of Protestant Christianity
- 2. People would camp out in tents & have dramatic meetings w/ preachers, like a religious Woodstock
- 3. They deemed it acceptable to Christianize your slaves
- Significance: Movement that tended to encourage separation of church & state
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French and Indian War
- 1. Overwhelmingly fought by Indians
- 2. First shots were from the Indians towards the French colony's "Fort Necessity"
- 3. It allowed British to attain dominant position in N. Amer., the West Indies, & subcontinent of India
- Significance: Re-evaluation of Colonial relationship between Amer. Colonies & Mother country
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Proclamation Line of 1763
- 1. No English-speaking settlers could go West of Applachian Mountains
- 2. Thousands went westward beyond boundary line drawn by British
- 3. British thought it was proper method for protecting its colonial empire & making colonies pay costs for protection
- Significance: It was 1st of a series of acts by the British gov that were met w/ anger & resistance in colonies
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Boston Tea Party
- 1. Rebelled that tea was too cheap
- 2. It started from rage against British East India Company which controlled nearly all commerce to & from N. Amer. w/ subsidies & special dispensation from Brit. crown
- 3. 116 protestors dumped 90,000 lbs of tea
- Significance: Britain realized that more control was needed in the colonies which resulted the Intolerable Acts & Quebec Act.
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George Washington (pre-president)
- 1. He never learned French, so he was unaware of statement he signed confessing to murder of Jumonville
- 2. He had a long streak of bad luck & learned from mistakes
- 3. He spoke against Britain's policies & became leader in Association
- Significance: He led Continental Army during American Revolution
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*Date Columbus bumped into Bermuda*
Founded in 1492
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*Date Jamestown founded*
Founded in 1607
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*Date Plymouth founded*
Founded in Dec 21, 1620
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Primary source
- source that was created in the period of time of which it set occurred; it is what it is
- Ex: a letter from the Civil War
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Secondary source
- Pre-digested history
- Ex: History book; taking primary sources & put it all in one source; newspapers
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Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
- Hero vs. Villian
- Took continent that was separated from the known world & brought them back together again.
- Didn't exactly "discover" America
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Martin Luther (1517)
- Father of Protestant Reformation
- He had crisis w/ a fundraiser for a church, which drove him to Christianity
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Roanoke (1585)
- Part I (Fail): Base for English Pirates
- Part II: Brought down men who ticked off the Indians
- Part III: Pilots of ship were interested in hobby = to go on freelance pirating expeditions
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Recipe for success (Roanoke colony)
- Family-based colony
- Men, women, & children
- They succeed more because they MULTIPLY
- They followed this idea, but had bad timing during Spanish Armada
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Spanish Armada (1588)
- Let Spain come in w/ all of their goods & then Francis Drake took all of their belongings & brought it to Queen Eliz I
- England won
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Conquistadors would...
kill, rape, steal, do anything as a "soldier" to drive away any of those who had different beliefs
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Spanish Chase Moors out of Spain in Reconquista (1492)
- Finished that year
- Spanish had big expansion of Islam
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The Tiano
Also known as Arrawak
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Joint Stock Company
You have a bunch of investors that buy a piece of an expected colony
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Algonquian (or Algonkian)
- language family
- cluster of different types of Indians
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Algonquian ppl of Atlantic Seaboard
- Lived on a miz of horticulture, fishing, hunting, & gathering
- Gender roles in food production: Men=hunted smoked tobacco, & provided tribute, Women=farmed
- English colonists misunderstood Indians as lazy
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Algonquian leader: sachem
- "sachem" or "sagamore"
- Usually a lesser chief than sachem, translates to "commander"
- Combined roles of healer, priest, counselor, & conjurer
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Paramount chief
highest-level tribal political leader in a region
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Powhatan didn't do...
charity. Job was only to provide & protect his ppl
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John Smith & Powhatan had type of relationship where:
To keep ur friends close, but enemies closer
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John Smith agreed to leave Powhatan in...
Jan 1, 1608
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What happened to John Smith in Oct 1609?
Was forced to leave Jamestown for medical care after gunpowder bag exploded in his lap
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The Starving Times in Winter (1609-1610)
- Tensions were high after Smith's Departure in Jamestown
- Led civilians to dine on rats, cats, mice, dogs
- Even stirred themselves up to dig dead corpses out of graves
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Capture of Pocahontas
- Converted to Christianity
- Powhatan thinks twice about attacking "Rebecca"
- Married John Wolfe (1614-1617)
- Survived off of bacon
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Chesapeake Bay
- Area offered harbors, navigable rivers, & a more fertile land
- They would settle on James River
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Burgess
one having all rights of a citizen
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House
Burgesses in the HOUSE (church)
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House of Burgesses
- Representative
- Ppl vote for members
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Assembly
group made up of 22 members elected by land owners over 17
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Headright systems
if you're paying your own way, they're gonna reward you w/ some land; so acres for just showing up & not dying
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Indentured servitude
contract where someone else pays your way over; give some of your own land, but not treated well
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Three P's
- Protestant = Not Catholic
- Puritan = Radical Protestant (purify faith)
- Pilgrim = (Half of those on the Mayflower)
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Werawacomoco
Main settlement of the Powhatan
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Opechi Kanuwa
Leader of Powhatan Confederacy
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Church of England
- Protestant church
- The King was at head of it & got to say who Arch Bishops would be
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Headright System
After 1618, every settler who paid own way got 50 acres
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Mercantilism
Philosophy that colonies exist for benefit of mother country
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1619
- Beginning of slavery
- America's Democratic Institutions
- virginia Taxpayers Organized House of Burgesses: Colonial America's 1st elected legislature (only eligable voters were white, male landowners)
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Date Pilgrims landed on Plymouth?
Dec, 1620
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Building Common House on Plymouth
- Extremely freezing weather
- Quietly buried dead to not come off as weak to Indians, Even tho they still had not come in contact w/ them
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Samoset
1st Native American to make contact w/ Pilgrims (March 16, 1621)
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Massasoit & Gov. Carver Sign Treaty
(March 1621)
- For trading rights
- Lasted about 40 years
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