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lacamp11
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How is a direct exam done to detect microfilaira?
Single drop of blood on a slide, apply a coverslip and examine under 10X.
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Is the direct exam a concentration method for microfilaria?
No, it uses less than 1ml of blood.
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How can you tell the difference in dirofilaria and dipetalonoma?
- In the direct: dirofiliaria coil and uncoil, dipetalanoma glide across the slide with progressive movement.
- In a difil test: dirofilaria have a tapered cranial end and a straight tail, dipetalanoma have small hook like shapes.
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1mL of blood is mixed with what substance in the modified knotts test?
9mL of 2% formalin
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How is the modified knotts test done?
- 1mL blood mixed with 9mL of 2% formalin
- centrifuge 1300-1500 rpm for 5 mins
- pour off supernatant
- add stain
- drop on slide, apply coverslip, examine under 40X.
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What objective is used for the difil test?
10X
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List 5 reasons for occult HW disease.
- immature adults
- one sex/ sterile adults
- ectopic adults
- immune mediated clearance
- monthly preventatives
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List reasons for a negative antigen test and a positive microfilaria test
- treated with immiticide
- blood transfusion
- dipetolenema
- in utero
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How is the HW antigen test performed?
- Label patient name on test
- draw up plasma/ serum in stem of pipette
- place 3 drops into the well
- wait 5 minutes for results
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What has to be true about the antigen test for it to be positive?
- procedural control line must be present, it may be a light blue
- any visible red line on the test line indicates a positive result
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TRUE/FALSE: FeLV is an oncornavirus.
TRUE
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How is FeLV transmitted?
- contact with infected saliva through grooming, licking, biting, shared dishes
- blood transfusions
- bite wounds from fighting
- in-utero
- colostrum
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Which is more fragile outside the body? FeLV/FIV
FIV
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What are some clinical signs of FeLV?
- jaundice
- pale mm's
- emlarged lymph nodes
- weight loss
- anorexia
- tumors
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The ELISA method tests for the ______ in FeLV
Antigen
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What does a positive test result for FeLV mean?
indicates viremia (virus in the blood)
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What is the transient stage of FeLV?
Stage beyond the initial viremia, can hide in the bone marrow and invade other cells, cause clinical signs of immunosupression, virus can shed from the cat in this stage
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Leukemia
malignant, progressive disease in which bone marrow and other blood forming organs produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leukocytes which suppress the production of normal RBC's
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How is FIV transmitted?
- deep bite wounds or scratches
- in utero
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What does the ELISA method test for in FIV?
Antibody
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What class of virus is FIV?
Lentivirus
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What are some clinical signs of FIV
- oral discharge
- nasal discharge
- lesions, tumors
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What is the main way FIV affects the cat?
Supresses t helper cells, slowly depresses immune system
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What are some reasons an FIV test would indicate a positive result?
- actual virus
- vaccinated cats
- maternal antibodies
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At what age is it recommended to test for FIV
over 4 months so maternal antibodies are gone
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Why should we test animals for FeLV/FIV before vaccinating?
- Vx will probably not be effective if the cat is already infected
- Client perception
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What is the follow up test for FeLV? What information does it indicate?
IFA; able to confirm if the animal is in the persistent stage
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Oliguria
low output of urine
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Pollakisuria
frequent urination, usually small volumes
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What are the four urine collection methods?
- voided
- manual expression
- catheterization
- cystocentesis
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Which stages of larvae can be detected with an anitbody test for feline HW?
L3,L4,L5
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What types of samples can the chemistry machine use?
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What speed is urine centrifuged?
Speed 2 (1800 rpm) for 5 mins
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How many drops of Sedistain is used for the microscopic portion of the UA?
2 drops
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What objective is used to examine a urine sample?
- 10X to scan
- 40X to examine and report findings
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Squamous cells seen in the UA originate from where?
lower portion of urinary tract
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Describe transitional cells as seen in the UA. Where do they originate from?
- smaller cells, large nucleus.
- in bladder, beginning of urethra
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Describe renal cells as seen on the UA. Where do they originate?
- very small cell with a large nucleus
- from kidney or tubules of nephron
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In a urine sample with a high specific gravity, how would the RBC's look if present?
the sample is concentrated so the RBC's would shrink
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It is normal to find <___ WBC's in the UA.
10
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What are casts made up of?
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What are the four types of casts?
- Hyaline
- Coarsely granular
- Finely granular
- Waxy
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The presence of crystals in the urine is dependent on what factors?
- pH
- solubility
- temp
- concentration of urine
- specific gravity
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Calcium oxalate dihydrate
- seen in acidic urine
- "X" seen in the middle
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Calcium oxalate monohydrate
- indicate ethylene glycol poisoning
- "picket fence" apperance
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Struvite
- AKA: magnesium ammonium phosphate
- "coffinlid apperance"
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_______ crystals are a normal finding in dalmations.
Uric acid
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Calcium carbonate
- "dumbell" shaped
- Normal in horse urine
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What is the formula for Mcmasters?
(c1 + c2) X 100/ #g feces used
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What are three differences between a platelet count and a WBC count?
- Examine under 40X rather than 10X
- Look at the center primary square
- Allow hemocytometer to sit in a moist petri dish for 10 mins
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when performing a platelet count you should use ____ light
low
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How do you prepare a sample for a reticulocyte count?
Place a volume ( typically 2-3 drops) of EDTA blood in a small test tube and an equal volume of NMB stain. Let sit 20 mins
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Where is fibrinogen made?
Liver
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What can a high fibrinogen indicate?
inflammation
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What can a low fibrinogen indicate?
clotting disorders
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When performing a fibrinogen test, the second tube is placed in a water bath at ______ degrees Celsius.
56
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When doing a skin scraping, examine the sample on ____ objective.
10X
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What objective should an ear mite check be done on?
10X
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Ear cytology samples should be examined under what objective?
100X
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What is the main abnormality that we search for on an ear cytology?
Malassezia (yeast)
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Mcmasters should be viewed under ____ objective
10X
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Calcitonin comes from what gland?
Thyroid
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What four tests are run for large animal chemistries?
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