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The flashcards below were created by user
Shira
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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What are the two main types of epithelial tissues?
- Covering and Lining Epithelium
- Glandular Epithelium
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Describe 5 functions of epithelial tissues.
- Protection (skin)
- Absorption (digestive tract)
- Filtration (kidneys)
- Sensory (chemical detection on tongue)
- Secretion (hormones, saliva)
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Name and describe five general properties of epithelial tissues.
- Polarity (apical and basal surface)
- Specialized Contacts (held together by tight junctions and/or desmosomes)
- Supported by connective tissue (basal and reticular lamina)
- Avascular (no blood vessels) but innervated (supplied by nerve fibers)
- Regenerative (able to reproduce)
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What are the basement membrane, basal lamina, and reticular lamina?
- Basement membrane: provides point of attached end mechanical support
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Describe the 3 main types of cell to cell junctions. Where is each type found in the body?
- Tight Junctions—pushes back passage of substances; prevents seepage in cavity (stomach, intestines, urinary bladder)
- Desmosomes —"clamp";prevent separation under tension (outer layer of skin)
- Gap Junctions—allow cell to cell communication (nerve and muscle tissue)
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What do you look for when trying to identify an epithelial tissue?
Cell shape and number of layers
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What are serous membranes?
Covers of ventral body cavity and covers the organs within the cavity
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What do the words endothelium and mesothelium refer to?
- Endothelium: lines inside of heart, blood vessels, and lymph nodes
- Mesothelium: serous membranes that line the body cavity and covers organs
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Describe the main functions of simple squamous epithelia. Where are they found?
Diffusion and filtration; found in air sacs, lining of ventral cavity body, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymph nodes.
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Describe the main functions of stratified squamous epithelia. Give two examples of where you would find stratified squamous epithelia, one that is keratinized, one that is not.
Protection; keratinized—epidermis of skin, nonkeratinized—esophagus, mouth, vagina
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What are glands?
A single cell or a group of cells that make and secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood
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How are glands classified?
- Where their products is released
- Relative cell number
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What are the differences between exocrine and endocrine glands?
- Exocrine: glands that secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities
- Endocrine: "ductless" glands that secrete hormones into blood
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Name examples of both endocrine and exocrine glands.
- Endocrine—thyroid glands, adrenal glands
- Exocrine—mucous, sweat/oil glands, salivary glands, pancreas/liver
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Name the only important unicellular exocrine glands.
Mucous and goblet cells
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Describe the function of goblet cells. In what types of tissues would you find them in the body?
Secretes mucin that will become mucus; found in trachea (pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
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Describe the two modes of secretion of exocrine glands (holocrine and merocrine).
- Merocrine—secrete products by exotysis
- Holocrine—accumulate products until cell ruptures
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Name examples of glands that use merocrine and holocrine secretion.
- Merocrine—pancreas, sweat, and salivary glands
- Holocrine—sebaceous or oil glands of skin
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What is exocytosis? What role do SNARE proteins play in exocytosis?
- Exocytosis: process where cell releases materials to the outside through membrane-bounded vesicles passing through the cell membrane.
- V(vesicle)-SNAREs and T(target)-SNAREs are signaling molecules that fuse to the vesicle.
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What are the four types of connective tissues, and the cells associated with each?
- Connective tissue proper—fibroblasts
- Cartilage—chondroblasts
- Bone—osteoblasts
- Blood—red and white blood cells
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Describe 3 common characteristics to connective tissues.
- Embryonic origin (mesenchyme)
- Various degrees of vascularity (avascular and vascular)
- Composed of "living" cells and a "non-living" extracellular matrix
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From where do connective tissue cells originate?
Mesenchyme
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How does the function of immature and mature cells of connective tissue differ?
- Immature (—blast) cells—active, fast mitosis; secrete extracellular matrix
- Mature (—cyte) cells—less active, slow mitosis; maintain health of extracellular matrix; carry out specialized function
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What is in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
- Ground substance: unstructured, fills space between cells (interstitial, or extracellular, fluid; cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans)
- Fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
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Name the various types of connective tissue proper. Group them according to “loose” and “dense.”
- Loose connective tissue
- 1. Areolar
- 2. Adipose
- 3. Reticular
- Dense connective tissue
- 1. Dense, Regular
- 2. Dense, Irregular
- 3. Elastic
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Describe the structure and main functions of loose areolar connective tissue. Give two examples of where you could find some.
- Structure: Gel like matrix with collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers (loose arrangement); fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
- Functions: Wraps and cushions organs, plays important role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid, serves as general packing material
- Found in lamina propria of mucous membranes and supports and surrounds capillaries
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What is the lamina propria?
Connective tissue supporting mucous membranes (line body cavities open to outside of body)
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What is edema?
Fluid retention in areolar tissue; role in inflammation
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Describe the structure and main functions of loose adipose connective tissue. Where is it found in the body?
- Structure: little matrix; closely packed fat cells, or adipocytes (store triglycerides); vascularized for high metabolic activity; accumulates in subcutaneous tissue
- Functions: protection; insulation; fuel storage; supports and protects organs
- Found in yellow bone marrow; under skin; surrounding kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
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Describe the structure and main functions of dense regular connective tissue. Where is it found in the body?
- Structure:parallel strands of thick collagen fibers; few cells (major cell—fibroblast); very little ground substance; poorly vascularized;
- Functions: high tensile strength when pulling force in one direction; attaches bones to bones; attaches muscles to bones or muscles
- Found in tendons and ligaments
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Describe the structure and main functions of dense irregular connective tissue. Where is it found in the body?
- Structure: irregularly arranged collagen fibers; few cells; very little ground substance; poorly vascularized
- Functions:high tensile strength when pulling force is in many directions
- Found in dermis; fibrous capsules of organs and joints
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Compare and contrast intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular injections in terms of target tissue and rate of drug absorption into the blood.
- Intradermal: administered into dermis; longest absorption time (tuberculosis tests)
- Subcutaneous: administered into adipose tissue layer below epidermis and dermis; slow sustained rate of drug absorption into blood (insulin)
- Intramuscular: administered through skin and subcutaneous tissue and into the underlying muscle; faster rate of absorption and onset of action (hormones, antibiotics, vaccines)
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Name the three forms of cartilage.
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Describe the structure and main functions of hyaline cartilage. Where is it found in the body?
- Structure: amorphous but firm matrix (pits within matrix); most abundant (yet weakest) cartilage
- Function: provides flexibility and support; reduces friction and absorbs shock
- Found in nose, trachea, larynx, covering long end of bones
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Describe the structure and main functions of fibrous cartilage. Where is it found in the body?
- Structure: strongest cartilage in body; matrix similar but less firm than hyaline
- Function: provides strong support and withstands heavy pressure (high tensile strength)
- Found in intervertebral discs
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Describe the structure and main functions of elastic cartilage. Where is it found in the body?
- Structure:similar to hyaline but more elastic fibers in matrix
- Function: maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
- Found in external ear
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Describe the structure and main functions of bone tissues. Your answer should include how bone differs from cartilage.
- Structure: additional collagen fibers and calcium salts found in hard calcified matrix
- Function: support and protect body structures; resists compression and tension
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Briefly describe the structure and main function of blood.
- Structure: red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
- Function: transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
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Describe the structure and main functions of skeletal muscle.
- Structure: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; striations
- Function: voluntary movement/control; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expressions
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Describe the structure and main functions of nerve tissue.
- Structure: contains neurons (generate nerve impulses) and supporting cells (do not generate nerve impulses)
- Function: supports, insulates, and protects neurons
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How do skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles differ in terms of where they are found in the body and their function?
- Skeletal—muscles attached to bones
- Cardiac—muscles of heart
- Smooth—muscles of walls of hollow organs (stomach)
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Be able to describe the structure of cutaneous membranes. Your answer must include, the name for its epithelium and/or connective tissue layer and where it is found in the body.
- Dry membrane
- Keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis); thick layer of dense irregular tissue (dermis)
- Found in skin
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Be able to describe the structure of mucous membranes. Your answer must include, the name for its epithelium and/or connective tissue layer and where it is found in the body.
- Lines the closed ventral cavities; wet or moist membranes
- Non-keratinized stratified squamous or simple columnar; epithelia on top of loose connective tissue (lamina propria) and rests on top of smooth muscle
- Found in nasal cavity, mouth, esophagus lining, bronchi in lungs
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Be able to describe the structure of serous membranes. Your answer must include, the name for its epithelium and/or connective tissue layer and where it is found in the body.
- Lines the closed ventral cavities; wet or moist membranes
- Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on top of layer of loose areolar connective tissue
- Found in heart, lungs, abdomen
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What are the pleurae, pericardium, and peritoneum?
- Pleurae—membrane that lines lungs
- Pericardium—membrane that lines heart
- Peritoneum—membrane that lines abdomen
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Briefly describe the regenerative capacity of epithelia, connective tissue, cartilage, muscle, and nervous tissue.
- High regenerative capacity—Epithelia, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, bones, blood
- Moderate regenerative capacity—Dense regular connective tissue, smooth muscle
- Weak regenerative capacity—Cartilage, skeletal muscle
- Little or no regenerative capacity—Cardiac muscle, nervous tissue
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