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katie.g.bowman
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What are mast cells?
they are cells in connective tissue, that have granules that contain histamine and heparin. They can initiate an inflammatory response.
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Connective Tissue is composed of 3 distinct components. What are they?
- 1. Ground substance (can be liquid, gel, or solid)
- 2. Fibers (can be collagenous, reticular, or elastic)
- 3. Cells (can be fibroblasts, mast cells, leukocytes a.k.a white blood cells, adipocytes, reticular cells, or wandering cells)
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What 3 types of fiber are in connective tissue?
- 1. collagenous fibers- strong&thick. made of collagen. Resists stretching ex: tendons and ligaments. a.k.a white fibers2. Reticular fibers- made of collagen, but thin and branched/netted around very cellular organs. (ex:liver, ateries, spleen. ect)gives them support.
3. Elastic fibers- composed of protein elastin. branched and very stretchy. a.k.a yellow fibers (ex: lungs, skin, vocal chords ect)
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Connective Tissue is classified by being Loose or Dense. What types of loose connective tissue are there?
- 1.Areolar2. Adipose
- 3. Reticular
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Connective Tissue is classified by being Loose or Dense. What types of Dense Connective tissue are there?
- 1. Dense regular
- 2. Dense irregular
- 3. Elastic
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What is Areolar connective tissue?
It is a loose connective tissue.
- **Most common type in the body.
- --packages organs and supports them
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What is Adipose connective tissue?
"FAT". It's a loose connective tissue. Areolar tissue with adipocytes in it.
*for warmth/insulation, energy storage, and cushioning.
Theres white and brown adipose
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What is Reticular connective tissue?
It is a loose connective tissue.
- **3D framework on organs.
- ex: liver, spleen
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What is dense regular connective tissue?
- It is a dense connective tissue. ex:tendon, ligament (no bloodflow)
- **strong, 1 direction. Does not stretch. you will tear it.
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What is dense irregular connective tissue?
- it is dense connective tissue.
- **strong, and multiple directions.
- ex: skin, testis, joint capsule ect.
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What is elastic connective tissue?
- dense connective tissue.
- Very stretchy.
- ex: walls of stomach, intervertebral space
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What is Cartilage?
What 3 types are there?
- it is a specialized connective tissue.
- It is flexible and cushions. But poor healing ability.
- 1. Hyaline
- 2. Elastic
- 3. Fibrocartilage
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What is Hyaline cartilage?
- it is articular cartilage, growth plates too (joint cartilage)
- **most common in the body!
- ***cannot be regenerated once destroyed!
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What is Elastic Cartilage?
very flexible and resilient. ex: pinna, and epiglottis.
*elastic fibers look black
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What is cortical/compact bone?
means "shell". It is a thin connective tissue layer on the outside of bone
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What is cancellous/spongy bone?
it is yellow and spongy on the inside of bone.
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What are tendons/ligaments made of?
collagenous connective tissue
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What are vocal chords made of?
Elastic connective tissue
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What are mucous membranes?
an important barrier from outside. the outside meets inside
*linked with capillary refill time.
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What is synovial membranes?
They line joints (synovial joints and the bursa).
They make fluid so there is not friction between joints.
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What is cutaneous membrane?
It is skin.
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What is the serous membrane? a.k.a serosae
consists of a parietal layer(lines cavity walls) and visceral layer(lines organs)
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1.Where is pleural fluid located?
2.Where is paritoneal fluid located?
3.Where is pericardial fluid located?
- 1. Thorax
- 2. Abdomen
- 3. Heart
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What is a hemothorax?
blood/fluid mix in the thorax region.
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What is the epidermis?
- the top layer of epithelial tissue.
- composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
- -avascular
- -above the dermis
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What is the dermis?
- its below the epidermis.
- composed of dense fibro-elastic connective tissue
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What is the hypodermis/subcutaneous layer?
- below the dermis.
- composed of adipose tissue (fat.)
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what is the integumentary system?
the skin and structures like horns, hair, claws, hooves.
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What are keratinocytes?
They are found in the epidermis. they produce keratin.
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What is keratinization?
cell death in the epidermis. shedding of dead skin cells
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what is a melanocyte?
a cell that produces melanin (dark pigment)
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What are melanosomes?
They store melanin....keratinocytes absorb melanosomes!
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What is the langerhans cell?
macrophage specific cell!
(in epidermis)
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What is merkel cells?
- aid in sensory of touch(nerve endings)
- *in epidermis
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What is Stratum Basale (Germinatium)
- the deepest layer of epidermis.
- *consists of a single row of keratinoyctes attached to the basement membrane. (active cell division)
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What is stratum spinosum?
- "spiny layer" cells contract spiny looking and resemble sea urchins.
- *langerhorn's cells here
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What is the stratum granulosum?
the middle layer of skin in epidermis.
2-4 layers of diamond shaped keratinocytes
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What is the stratum lucidum?
- "clear layer" in epidermis.
- found in very thick skin. most skin lacks this layer
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What is the stratum corneum?
- "horny layer". it is the outermost layer and dominates the epidermis.
- 20-30 rows of keratinocytes
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