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depression of mandible
platysma, myohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric
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elevation of mandible
temporalis, medial pterygoid, masseter
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protrusion of mandible
lateral and medial pterygoids
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retraction mandible
posterior fibres termporalis, deep part masseter, geniohyoid, digastric
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branches of facial nerve
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
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branches of V1
frontal (supraorbital), lacrimal, nasociliary (external nasal)
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branches of V2
infraorbital, zygomatic
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branches of V3
buccal, lingual, inferior alveolar (mental), auriculotemporal
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path of V1
trigeminal nerve emerges from pons, trigeminal ganglion lateral to sella turcica on sphenoid bone divides, V1 through superior orbital fissure into orbit
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path of V2
trigeminal nerve emerges from pons, trigeminal ganglion lateral to sella turcica on sphenoid bone divides, V2 enters foramen rotundum and emerges into orbit through inferior orbital fissure
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path of V3
trigeminal nerve emerges from pons, trigeminal ganglion lateral to sella turcica on sphenoid bone divides, V3 through foramen ovale and emerges on medial surface of zygomatic bone
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branches of external carotid artery
superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occiptal, posterior auricular, superficial temporal, maxillary
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branches of internal carotid artery
goes straight to circle of willis, giving off only occipital (supraorbital) and inferior hypophyseal arteries
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tribituaries of the internal jugular vein
facial vein, opthalmic vein, cavernous sinus, pterygoid plexus
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nerves responsible for somatic sensation of head
trigeminal and cervical plexus (great auricular nerve c2-3)
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strap muscles (infrahyoid) of neck from superficial to deep
omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternohyoid
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purpose of strap muscles
stabilise hyoid bone so that suprahyoid bones can manipulate jaw AND move hyoid/larynx during swallowing
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innervation of strap muscles
cervical plexus (c1-4)
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somatic sensory innervation of jaw and back of ear
great auricular nerve from c2-3, cervical plexus (c1-4)
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deep muscle for forward flexion of neck
scalenes anterior which goes from transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to anterior aspect of first rib
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deep muscle for lateral flexion of neck
scalenes medius which goes from transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to posterior aspect of first rib
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cervical plexus location
from spinal nerves c1-c4 via intervertebral foramina and emerge from in between scalenes anterior and medius
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pretracheal fascia contents
trachea, thyroid, parathyroids, esophagus
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carotid sheath contents
common carotid inferiorly and inferior carotid superiorly, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
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lymphatic drainage of anterior face
submandibular -> deep cervical
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lymphatic drainage of lateral face
parotid -> deep cervical
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lymphatic drainage of lower lip and chin
submental -> deep cervical
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characteristics of cervical vertebrae
- small elongated vertebral body
- extra foramina on each side: transverse foramina carrying the vertebral arteries (branches of subclavian)
- large triangular vertebral canal
- short and bifid spinous process
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muscle that tenses vocal cord (producing higher pitch)
cricothyroid muscle (CT), innervated by external laryngeal nerve (vagus) runs from anterolateral cricoid to inferior margin of thyroid; stretches and tenses the vocal fold
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muscle that relaxes vocal fold (producing lower pitch)
thyroarytenoid (TA), innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve (vagus) runs from posterior surface of thyroid cartilage to arytenoids
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muscle that closes rima glottidis
- lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA), innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve (vagus), runs from side of arytenoid cartilage to lateral arch of cricothyroid - adducts vocal folds
- transverse (TRA) and oblique (OBA) arytenoids, both innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve and running between the posterior aspects of the arytenoids
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muscles that open rima glottidis
posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve and running from arytenoids down to posterior surface of cricoid - abducts vocal folds
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muscles that close laryngeal aditus for swallowing
aryepiglottic muscle, a continuation of the oblique arytenoids, which is innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve and runs from arytenoid along opening of aditus
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layers of muscles from superficial to deep from chin to tongue and their innervations
posterior belly of digastric (CNVII), mylohyoid (CNV3), geniohyoid (C1 via CNXII), genioglossus (CNXII - in palsy, no longer extends tongue out, increasing risk of choking)
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chorda tympani origin, course and target
emerges from pontomedullary junction with CNVII as nervus intermedius with axons from NTS (taste) and superior salivary nucleus (visceral motor), divides from NI at the geniculate ganglion and joins the lingual nerve (branch of V3) to supply the tongue (anterior 2/3 taste) and sublingual, submandibular (secretomotor)
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what are tarsal plates of the eye?
dense fibrous tissue bands which strengthen the eyelids with embedded tarsal glands which prevent complete evaporation of the tear film
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muscle that opens eyelids and innervation
levator palpebrae superioris innervated by CNIII
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part of cortex for initiating movement
laterally precentral gyrus and medially anterior part of paracentral lobule (frontal lobe)
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part of cortex for receiving sensory input
laterally postcentral gyrus and medially posterior part of paracentral lobule (parietal lobe)
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part of cortex for expression of language
Broca's area, opercula and triangular parts of inferior frontal gyrus
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part of cortex for reception of language
Wernicke's area (an auditory association area) posterior part of inferior wall of lateral sulcus and adjacent posterior part of superior temporal gyrus
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part of cortex for interpretation of language
angular gyrus which surrounds posterior extension of superior temporal sulcus
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part of cortex for receiving visual input
within the walls of calcarine sulcus (occipital lobe)
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part of cortex for receiving hearing input
tranverse temporal gyrus inside the lateral fissure
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part of cortex for receiving olfactory input
uncus, inferior medial temporal lobe anterior to parahippocampal gyrus
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fissure separating left and right hemispheres
median longitudinal fissure which contains falx cerebri
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fissure separating cerebrum from cerebellum
transverse fissure, which contains tentorium cerebelli
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components of diencephalon
pineal gland, thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary
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name of white matter branches in cerebellum
arbor vitae
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four major cisterns
- cistern = enlargement of subarachnoid space
- cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna - between medullar and cerebellum posteriorly)
- superior cistern (between midbrain and cerbellum posteriorly)
- interpeduncular cistern (between cerebral peduncles anteriorly)
- pontine cistern (in front of pons)
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part of cortex for learning and memory
parahippocampal gyrus on inferior medial aspect of temporal lobe
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white matter tract connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas
arcuate fasciculus
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part of brain associated with spatial representation
hippocampus
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functions of non dominant hemisphere
- brocas - prosody (monotonous voice)
- parietal - spatial awareness, "left neglect"
- musical, artistic abilities
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functions of insula lobe
- visceral sensation (taste and smell)
- vestibular representation
- emotional processing of music
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function of spinocerebellar tract
posture and movement of trunk and limbs
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function of cerebrocerebellar tract
planning movement
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function of vestibulocerebellar tract
balance, head and eye movements
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