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karinama
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What is cellular respiration?
a process that requires O2 and uses energy from glucose (macromolecules) to produce ATP and water
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what is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ===> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
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Mitochondria
- organelle where cellular respiration takes place
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Redox reactions
transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another, there are two types of redox reactions: oxadation, reduction
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oxidation reaction
the LOSS of electrons or gaining of oxygen
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Reduction reaction
the GAIN of electrons or gaining of oxygen
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What are the four main reactions of cellular respiration?
- 1. glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
- 2. Grooming phase
- 3. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
- 4. Electron transfer chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation , also called chemiosmosis
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Where does glycolysis take place?
in the cytosol, just outside the mitochondria
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Where does the grooming phase take place?
migration from the cytosol to the matrix
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
the mitochondrial matrix
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where does ETC and chemiosmosis take place
inner mitochondrial membrane
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What are the two phases (10 steps) of glycolysis?
- A. Energy investment phase-preparatory phase (first 5 steps)
- B. Energy yielding phase-energy payoff phase (second 5 steps)
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Summarize the energy investment phase of glycolysis
- -2 ATP used (invested)
- -leaving 2 ADP + P left
- -glucose (6C) split in 2
- -Glyceradehyde phosphate (2-3C) also known as G3P or GAP is the product
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Summarize the energy yielding phase of glycolysis
- from 3 G3P:
- -4 ATP produced
- -2 NADH produced
- -2 pyruvate produced (2-3C)
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What is the total yield of the glycolysis phase of cellular respiration?
- >2-3C-Pyruvate
- >2-ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
- >2-NADH
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from substrate to ADP
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Summarize the grooming phase of cellular respiration
2 pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and are converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules
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What are the end products of the grooming phase of cellular respiration?
- 2-NADH
- 2-CO2
- 2-Acetyl CoA (2C)
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Summarize the Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) of cellular respiration
- Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds with oxalacetic acid (4C-0AA) to make citrate (6C)
- it takes two turns of the Krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule
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What is the total net yield of the Krebs cycle or cellular respiration?
- In 2 turns:
- 2-ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
- 6-NADH
- 2-FADH2
- 4-CO2
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Explain the electron transfer chain and oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
- -uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP synthase (enzyme) to make ATP
- -ETC pumps H+ (protons) across inner-membrane space therefore lowering pH in inner-membrane space (creats concentration gradient)
- -H+ then moves via diffusion (proton motive force) through ATP synthase to make ATP
- -All NADH converts to 3 ATP
- -FADH2 converts to ATP (enters ETC at a lower level then NADH)
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what is the total ATP yield for cellular respiration?
- -2 ATP-glycolysis (substrate level phosphorylation)
- -4-6 ATP-converted from 2 NADH-glycolysis
- -6 ATP-converted from 2 NADH-grooming phase
- -2 ATP- Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
- -18 ATP- converted from 6 NADH-Krebs cycle
- -4 ATO-converted from 2FADH2-Krebs cycle
- 36-38 ATP TOTAL
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What is the final electron acceptor?
oxygen
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