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Abstract
- Removed from concrete reality.
- Symbols are abstract because they inferences and generalizations derived from a total reality (101)
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Ambiguous
- Subject to more than one interpretation.
- Symbols are ambiguous because their meanings vary from person to person and context to context (100)
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Arbitrary
- Random; not determined by necessity.
- symbols are arbitrary because there is no particular reason for any one symbol to stand for a certain referent (98)
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Constitutive Rules
Communication rules that define what communication means by specifying how certain communicative acts are to be counted (103)
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Dual Perspective
The ability to understand another person's perspective, beliefs, thoughts, or feelings (112)
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Hypothetical Thought
Cognitive awareness of experiences and ideas that are not part of the concrete, present situation (111)
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Indexing
A technique of noting that statements reflect specific times and circumstances and may not apply to other times or circumstances (117)
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Loaded Language
An Extreme form of evaluative language that relies on words that strongly slant perceptions and hence meaning (108)
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Punctuation
Defining the beginning and ending of interaction or interaction episodes (104)
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Regulative Rules
Communication rules that regulate interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to talk about certain things (103)
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Symbols
- An arbitrary, ambiguous, and abstract representation of a phenomenon.
- Symbols are the basis of language, much nonverbal behavior, and human thought (98)
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Totalizing
Responding to people as if one aspect of them were the sum total of who they are
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