L&M CH.2

Aristotle’s three principles of association were _________, ___________, and _____________.

Never tested his theories

5 sec. word association exercises

An item often leads to the thought of its opposite

Thought of one concept often leads to the thought of a similar concept

The more closely together in space or time two items occur, the more likely the association

when complex ideas combine

This theory doesn't hold true

2 or more __________are repeatedly presented together, a product of their union may be a ______

According to the British Associationists, experience consists of _____________ and memory consists of ______________.

Learning a poem after repeating it many times illustrates Thomas Brown’s principle of _________.

Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve shows that the rate of forgetting in the first few minutes after studying is ____________ than the rate of forgetting a week later.

Ebbinghaus tested the strength of backward associations by ____________.

In communication in between neurons, a chemical transmitter is released by the ___________ of one neuron and received by the ____________ of another neuron.

The “simple cells” in the visual cortex found by Hubel and Wiesel respond specifically to ___________.

Three main types of changes that can occur in the brain as a result of a learning experience are _________, ____________, and ____________.

1. Which of the following philosophers is considered to be the first associationist?
(His birth date is B.C.)
A. John Locke
B. Aristotle
C. Karl Lashley
D. Thomas Hobbes

The theoretical position that some ideas are innate and do not depend on an individual's past experience is called:
(Opposite from the notion of blank slate)

According to James Mill (1829), repeated pairings of 2 or more sensations produce:
(Example: red and rectangular may form new idea called a brick.)

Continuing to practice after performance is apparently perfect is called:
(Associated with Brown's principle of the effects of repetition)

According to Thomas Brown (1820), the frequency of pairings directly affects the strength of an association.
(Overlearning is an example of this principle)

According to the single neuron doctrine of perception, the visual system is arranged in a hierarchy of increasing complexity, and at the highest level, neurons respond to very specific features of the stimulus.
(This finding supports Mill's theory of complex ideas.)

In humans, studies have shown that ___ or the branching of dendrites occurs in the first few years of life.
(Learning can alter brain structure)

The growth of new neurons is called ____.
(Learning can influence this process)

Hubel and Wiesel found that ______ fire most often when the visual stimulus was a line of specific orientation, presented in a specific part of the visual field.
(Presentation of stimulus at a 45 degree angle)

Another name for the philosophical term "blank slate" is ________ .
(John Locke's reference to the mind of a newborn child)

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect the strength of an association according to Thomas Brown?
A. Financial status
B. Emotional state
C. Health of the body
D. Prior habits

To avoid using stimuli that had preexisting associations, Ebbinghaus invented:

The term ____ refers to a small gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.

When Penfield stimulated small areas of the brain in his patients, who were anesthetized but awake, they reported:

Continuing to practice after performance is apparently perfect.

The vividness of a sensation that affects the strength of an association according to Brown.

The combining of complex ideas from simple sensations.

The decrease in the number of repetitions needed to relearn the list.

The increase in the strength of excitatory synapses as a result of electrical stimulation, and the effects can last for weeks.

Aristotle’s 3 principles of association were

The British Associationists believed that every person acquires knowledge through

The essences of Mill’s Theory of complex ideas is

After repeated pairings of 2 sensations,

Thomas Brown (1820) added

Herman Ebbinghaus (1885) was the first to

Neurons are specialized cells which function in

The chemical transmitter released into the synaptic cleft causes

The receptors of the nervous system are

Hubel and Wiesel (1965, 1979) found several different types of

The 3 main types of changes that can occur in the brain as a result of learning are

Thomas Brown's 9 Secondary Principles of Association are:

2 sensations coexist together the more likely you'll see a relationship (driving to school)

Intensity to an emotional event (trauma) its more closely related; vividness

2 sensations have been passed recently

Free from associations (meeting a group of people, remember only uncommon name)

1st time you meet someone their emotional

1st time they're drunk = drunk person from party

Smells/behaviors associated w/someone

sensatios which are not linked to other associations, such as, if you meet someone with an uncommon name you are more likely to remember them.

other factors than can affect the strength of an association among different individuals

who was the 1st to test his theories on himself

avoid stimuli that had pre-esting associations

nonsense syllables consits of

The decrease in the number of repetitions needed to relearn the list

Confirmation of Brown’s Secondary Principles of Association
Frequency, recently

Learning theory

Correlation between list length and study time

Repetition strengthens the association

over time you know the material better

Rapid is immediate

The further apart words are the harder it is to learn

Order still matters b/c of the order you learned it originally = doesn't work

the longer the list,

Nervous system of all creatures are composed of

The neuron consist of

branch like structure on the receptive side of neuron; is sensitive to transmitters released by the axon terminals of other neurons

long, branch like part of neuron that transmits electrical pulses when neuron is stimulated; releases chemical transmitters that stimulate the dendrites of other neurons

chemical released into the synapse by the axon terminals of a neuron

small gap b/w the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron into which transmitters are released

specialized cells that transmit information

receptive to chemicals called “transmitters” that are released by other neurons

produce excitation or inhibition in the postsynaptic cell

reflects the combined influences of all its excitatory and inhibitory inputs

Transmission of information can

Specialized neurons designed to break down incoming stimuli into simple sensations

Types of receptors (congruent to the 5 senses

Work of Hubel and Wiesel (1965, 1979)

Simple Cells respond to lines at a 45-degree angles

Single Neuron Doctrine of Perception

Chemical Changes: Long-Term Potentiation (Theory)

branching of new dendrites

growth of new neurons

most important to learning, where learning occurs