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Aristotle’s three principles of association were _________, ___________, and _____________.
contiguity, similarity, contrast
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Never tested his theories
Aristotle’s Three Principles of Associations (Behaviorist)
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5 sec. word association exercises
Aristotle’s Three Principles of Associations (Behaviorist)
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An item often leads to the thought of its opposite
Contrast
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Thought of one concept often leads to the thought of a similar concept
Similarity
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The more closely together in space or time two items occur, the more likely the association
Contiguity
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when complex ideas combine
Duplex ideas
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This theory doesn't hold true
James Mills and Complex Ideas
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2 or more __________are repeatedly presented together, a product of their union may be a ______
- James Mills
- simple sensations, complex idea
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According to the British Associationists, experience consists of _____________ and memory consists of ______________.
simple sensations, simple ideas
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Learning a poem after repeating it many times illustrates Thomas Brown’s principle of _________.
frequency
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Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve shows that the rate of forgetting in the first few minutes after studying is ____________ than the rate of forgetting a week later.
faster
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Ebbinghaus tested the strength of backward associations by ____________.
learning a list in one order and later relearning it in reserve order
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In communication in between neurons, a chemical transmitter is released by the ___________ of one neuron and received by the ____________ of another neuron.
axon terminals, dendrites
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The “simple cells” in the visual cortex found by Hubel and Wiesel respond specifically to ___________.
lines of specific orientations
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Three main types of changes that can occur in the brain as a result of a learning experience are _________, ____________, and ____________.
chemical changes, growth of a new synapses, growth of new neurons
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1. Which of the following philosophers is considered to be the first associationist?
(His birth date is B.C.)
A. John Locke
B. Aristotle
C. Karl Lashley
D. Thomas Hobbes
Aristotle
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The theoretical position that some ideas are innate and do not depend on an individual's past experience is called:
(Opposite from the notion of blank slate)
Nativism
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According to James Mill (1829), repeated pairings of 2 or more sensations produce:
(Example: red and rectangular may form new idea called a brick.)
Complex ideas
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Continuing to practice after performance is apparently perfect is called:
(Associated with Brown's principle of the effects of repetition)
Over learning
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According to Thomas Brown (1820), the frequency of pairings directly affects the strength of an association.
(Overlearning is an example of this principle)
True
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According to the single neuron doctrine of perception, the visual system is arranged in a hierarchy of increasing complexity, and at the highest level, neurons respond to very specific features of the stimulus.
(This finding supports Mill's theory of complex ideas.)
True
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In humans, studies have shown that ___ or the branching of dendrites occurs in the first few years of life.
(Learning can alter brain structure)
Arborization
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The growth of new neurons is called ____.
(Learning can influence this process)
Neurogenesis
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Hubel and Wiesel found that ______ fire most often when the visual stimulus was a line of specific orientation, presented in a specific part of the visual field.
(Presentation of stimulus at a 45 degree angle)
Simple cells
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Another name for the philosophical term "blank slate" is ________ .
(John Locke's reference to the mind of a newborn child)
Tabula rasa
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect the strength of an association according to Thomas Brown?
A. Financial status
B. Emotional state
C. Health of the body
D. Prior habits
Financial status
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To avoid using stimuli that had preexisting associations, Ebbinghaus invented:
Nonsense syllables
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The term ____ refers to a small gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
Synapse
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When Penfield stimulated small areas of the brain in his patients, who were anesthetized but awake, they reported:
Hearing music, Experiencing the sights of a circus, Vivid sensations
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Continuing to practice after performance is apparently perfect.
Overlearning
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The vividness of a sensation that affects the strength of an association according to Brown.
Liveliness
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The combining of complex ideas from simple sensations.
Duplex ideas
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The decrease in the number of repetitions needed to relearn the list.
Savings
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The increase in the strength of excitatory synapses as a result of electrical stimulation, and the effects can last for weeks.
Long-term potentiation
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Aristotle’s 3 principles of association were
contiguity, similarity, and contrast
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The British Associationists believed that every person acquires knowledge through
experiences
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The essences of Mill’s Theory of complex ideas is
the notion of a hierarchy
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After repeated pairings of 2 sensations,
an association forms between their respective ideas
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Thomas Brown (1820) added
9 more principles of associations
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Herman Ebbinghaus (1885) was the first to
put the associationists’ principles to an experimental test
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Neurons are specialized cells which function in
the transmission of information
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The chemical transmitter released into the synaptic cleft causes
the post synaptic neuron to either fire or not fire
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The receptors of the nervous system are
the only structures which make contact with the external environmental stimuli
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Hubel and Wiesel (1965, 1979) found several different types of
feature detector neurons in the visual cortex that respond to more complex shapes or a line of specific orientation
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The 3 main types of changes that can occur in the brain as a result of learning are
chemical changes, growth of new synapses, and neurogenesis
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Thomas Brown's 9 Secondary Principles of Association are:
- 1) length of time
- 2) liveliness
- 3) frequently
- 4) recently
- 5) free from strong Association
- 6) constitutional differences
- 7) emotional state
- 8) state of the body
- 9) prior habits
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2 sensations coexist together the more likely you'll see a relationship (driving to school)
Length of Time
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Intensity to an emotional event (trauma) its more closely related; vividness
Liveliness
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2 sensations have been passed recently
Frequently
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Free from associations (meeting a group of people, remember only uncommon name)
Recently
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1st time you meet someone their emotional
Emotional State
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1st time they're drunk = drunk person from party
State of the Body
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Smells/behaviors associated w/someone
Prior Habits
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sensatios which are not linked to other associations, such as, if you meet someone with an uncommon name you are more likely to remember them.
Free From Strong Associations
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other factors than can affect the strength of an association among different individuals
Constitutional Differences
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who was the 1st to test his theories on himself
Ebbinhaus
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avoid stimuli that had pre-esting associations
- Ebbinghaus,
- the use of nonsense syllables
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nonsense syllables consits of
2 constraints seperated by a vowel
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The decrease in the number of repetitions needed to relearn the list
The concept of savings
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Confirmation of Brown’s Secondary Principles of Association
Frequency, recently
Ebbinghaus’s Memory Experiments
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Learning theory
Ebbinghaus’s Memory Experiments
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Correlation between list length and study time
Ebbinghaus’s Major Findings
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Repetition strengthens the association
Ebbinghaus’s Major Findings
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over time you know the material better
Overlearning
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Rapid is immediate
- Ebbinghaus’s Major Findings:
- The Forgetting Curve
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The further apart words are the harder it is to learn
- Ebbinghaus’s Major Findings:
- Association strength dependent upon proximity
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Order still matters b/c of the order you learned it originally = doesn't work
- Ebbinghaus’s Major Findings:
- The concept of Backward Association
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the longer the list,
the longer the time necessary to learn it
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Nervous system of all creatures are composed of
neurons
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The neuron consist of
cell body, dendrite, axon, transmitter, and synapse
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branch like structure on the receptive side of neuron; is sensitive to transmitters released by the axon terminals of other neurons
Dendrites
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long, branch like part of neuron that transmits electrical pulses when neuron is stimulated; releases chemical transmitters that stimulate the dendrites of other neurons
Axon
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chemical released into the synapse by the axon terminals of a neuron
Transmitter
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small gap b/w the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron into which transmitters are released
Synapse
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specialized cells that transmit information
Neurons
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receptive to chemicals called “transmitters” that are released by other neurons
Dendrites and cell body
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produce excitation or inhibition in the postsynaptic cell
transmitters
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reflects the combined influences of all its excitatory and inhibitory inputs
neuron’s firing rate
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Transmission of information can
inhibit or excite a response
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Specialized neurons designed to break down incoming stimuli into simple sensations
Receptors
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Types of receptors (congruent to the 5 senses
- o Tactile
- o Taste
- o Auditory
- o Olfactory
- o Visual
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Work of Hubel and Wiesel (1965, 1979)
Complex Ideas
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Simple Cells respond to lines at a 45-degree angles
- Hubel and Wiesel
- Feature detectors in visual cortex
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Single Neuron Doctrine of Perception
- Hubel and Wiesel
- Feature detectors in visual cortex
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Chemical Changes: Long-Term Potentiation (Theory)
- -Increased release of neurotransmitter
- -Increase strength of excitatory synapses
- -Implicated in storage of long-term memory
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branching of new dendrites
Arborization
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growth of new neurons
Neurogenesis
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most important to learning, where learning occurs
Cerebral cortex
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