L&M CH.3

In control systems theory, the comparator compares the ________ and the __________, and if they do not match, the comparator signals the __________.

A kinesis is a ___________ movement in response to a stimulus, and a taxis is a ___________ movement in response to a stimulus.

The main difference between fixed action patterns and reaction chains is that ___________.

Abilities or behaviors that are found in all known human cultures are called ___________.

The second time a stimulus undergoes habituation, the time course of habituation is __________.

More intense stimuli habituate ____________ than weaker stimuli.

In opponent-process theory, with repeated stimulation, the _________ does not change, but the ________ starts earlier, becomes stronger, and lasts longer.

In drug addiction, the b-process appears as ________, whereas in parachute jumping, the b-process appears as ___________.

Which of the following refers to a stereotyped pattern of movement of a body part that can be reliably elicited by presenting the appropriate stimulus?
(Behavior without thinking)
A. Tolerance
B. Reflex
C. Actual point
D. Tropism

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a fixed action pattern?
(Not a type of innate behavior)
A. The animal's ability to perform the behavior is not the result of prior learning.
B. Only mammals display this type of behavior.
C. The behavior occurs in a rigid order regardless of the context.
D. It is part of the behavioral repertories of all members of the species.

This pattern of behavior resembles a fixed action pattern, but ethologists call this behavior:
(The hermit crab is an example of this type of behavior)

According to Donald Brown (1991), behaviors that are found in all human culture is referred to as:
(List of human behavior)

Which of the following is NOT a general principle of habituation?
(Properties which have been observed in human beings and other animals)
A. Effects of stimulus intensity
B. Effects of time
C. Space effects
D. Relearning effects

To date, there are no technologies, which allow scientist to identify brain areas that are involved in habituation in humans.
(Neuropsychological studies often use these techniques)

According to Solomon and Corbit (1974), what underlies an individual's emotional response is called the a-process and b-process.
(Type of opponent process theory)

The second time a stimulus undergoes habituation, the time course of habituation is less rapid.
(Repeated presentation accelerates learning)

Scientists who study how animals behave in their natural environment are called ____.
(They are interested in innate and learned behaviors)

The thermostat is an example of a fundamental concept in control systems theory called _____.
(It receives 2 types of inputs)

The strategy of studying fairly primitive creatures, which have nervous systems that are less complex, is called ________.
(Dr. Eric Kandel work with Aplysia)

One study using _____ found habituation in many different parts of the brain in humans.
(Brain imaging technique)

In control systems theory, the product of an action system is called:

Which of the following is a receptor that serves as the comparators of the feedback system within the muscle?
A. Skin receptor
B. Bionic receptor
C. Retinal receptor
D. Stretch receptor

___refers to forced movements that require no intelligence or will on the part of the organism.

A direct neuronal connection that involves just one synapse is called:

A fairly specific stimulus that elicit a fixed action pattern

A decrease in the effects of a drug with repeated use

The strategy of studying fairly primitive creatures which have nervous systems that are smaller and less complex than other animals

The transfer of habituation from one stimulus to a new but similar stimuli

Control system theory has

A reflex is a form of

Tropisms are grouped into two major categories:

A fixed action pattern is

Scientists use a number of techniques

Habituation has several principles and it is viewed as

Many emotional reactions can be explained via

A comparison between the actual state of the world and a goal state:

device that compares its goal state (reference input) and the current situation (actual input) and signals the action is necessary if the two are not equal

goal state, not a physical entity but a conceptual one (temp)

current situation, measures some actual physical characteristic of the present environment (air temp in the vicinity)

what the output will be (on/off command of furnace)

product of action system (entry of warm air from radiator)

other factors that can affect the actual input (open window)

Goal-directed behavior based upon

The role of the comparator-reference and actual input comparisons

Product of an action system is the

Something that an animal doesn't need to learn to do

A stimulus elicited response (stereotyped)

Viewed as an example of a feedback system

The role of “stretch receptors” in the reflex feedback system

Involuntary forced movement

Types of tropisms

[nothing is guiding it] (random movement) [in relation to stimulus]

(directed movement) [ants use the sun for guidance]

(not learned but innate)

Part of the repertoire of all members of a species

The behavior Pattern is not learned

Once it starts, it will continue to completion

triggered by sign stimulus

FAP
3 elements

-Part of a representation of all species

Nut-burying behavior of squirrels (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1975)

Territorial defense response of male stickleback (Tinbergen, 1951) fish

Laying egg behavior of an oyster catcher (bird)

They know it's not working for them and walk away

If stimulus is not present, sequenced behavior will not occur

Hermit Crab
May stop or skip steps if it's not working for them

More efficient, has more insight

Commonalities: language; children in all cultures babble

One of the 1st to oppose Lock's Blank Slate

Emotional responses and facial expressions

o (400)
o Abilities or bxs that all found in all human cultures

tool making, scavenge for food, societal rules, dancing, language, death, jokes

(simplest form of learning)

Go back to doing what you were doing before

Allow the individual to ignore insignificant stimuli that are repeatedly encounter

Constant shooting, no response

6 General Principles of Habituation

1st time you hear a gunshot, 10th time decrease toward habituation

Response will reoccur , the time that it will take you to habituate again (30 min vs. 24 hrs.)

Habituation is quicker, returning; quicker the 2nd time around

Proceeds rapidly w/intensity

Below zero habituation

Similar stimuli habituation

Subject’s response to a stimulus changes as a result of repeated presentations

Emotional reactions consist of an __________ and a later ____________

Time plays a role in the

Parachutists: Initial jump vs. later jumps

Initial use vs. multiple use

A =

B =