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chuchi
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In control systems theory, the comparator compares the ________ and the __________, and if they do not match, the comparator signals the __________.
actual input, reference input, action system
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A kinesis is a ___________ movement in response to a stimulus, and a taxis is a ___________ movement in response to a stimulus.
random, directional
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The main difference between fixed action patterns and reaction chains is that ___________.
the behavior sequence occurs in a rigid order in fixed action patterns, but it is more flexible in reaction chains
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Abilities or behaviors that are found in all known human cultures are called ___________.
human universals
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The second time a stimulus undergoes habituation, the time course of habituation is __________.
more rapid
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More intense stimuli habituate ____________ than weaker stimuli.
more slowly
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In opponent-process theory, with repeated stimulation, the _________ does not change, but the ________ starts earlier, becomes stronger, and lasts longer.
a-process, b-process
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In drug addiction, the b-process appears as ________, whereas in parachute jumping, the b-process appears as ___________.
cravings and withdrawal symptoms, euphoria
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Which of the following refers to a stereotyped pattern of movement of a body part that can be reliably elicited by presenting the appropriate stimulus?
(Behavior without thinking)
A. Tolerance
B. Reflex
C. Actual point
D. Tropism
Reflex
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a fixed action pattern?
(Not a type of innate behavior)
A. The animal's ability to perform the behavior is not the result of prior learning.
B. Only mammals display this type of behavior.
C. The behavior occurs in a rigid order regardless of the context.
D. It is part of the behavioral repertories of all members of the species.
Only mammals display this type of behavior
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This pattern of behavior resembles a fixed action pattern, but ethologists call this behavior:
(The hermit crab is an example of this type of behavior)
Reaction chains
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According to Donald Brown (1991), behaviors that are found in all human culture is referred to as:
(List of human behavior)
Human universals
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Which of the following is NOT a general principle of habituation?
(Properties which have been observed in human beings and other animals)
A. Effects of stimulus intensity
B. Effects of time
C. Space effects
D. Relearning effects
Space effects
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To date, there are no technologies, which allow scientist to identify brain areas that are involved in habituation in humans.
(Neuropsychological studies often use these techniques)
False
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According to Solomon and Corbit (1974), what underlies an individual's emotional response is called the a-process and b-process.
(Type of opponent process theory)
True
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The second time a stimulus undergoes habituation, the time course of habituation is less rapid.
(Repeated presentation accelerates learning)
False
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Scientists who study how animals behave in their natural environment are called ____.
(They are interested in innate and learned behaviors)
Ethiologists
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The thermostat is an example of a fundamental concept in control systems theory called _____.
(It receives 2 types of inputs)
Comparator
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The strategy of studying fairly primitive creatures, which have nervous systems that are less complex, is called ________.
(Dr. Eric Kandel work with Aplysia)
Simple systems approach
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One study using _____ found habituation in many different parts of the brain in humans.
(Brain imaging technique)
FMRI
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In control systems theory, the product of an action system is called:
Output
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Which of the following is a receptor that serves as the comparators of the feedback system within the muscle?
A. Skin receptor
B. Bionic receptor
C. Retinal receptor
D. Stretch receptor
Stretch receptor
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___refers to forced movements that require no intelligence or will on the part of the organism.
Tropism
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A direct neuronal connection that involves just one synapse is called:
Monosynaptic Connection
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A fairly specific stimulus that elicit a fixed action pattern
sign stimulus
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A decrease in the effects of a drug with repeated use
tolerance
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The strategy of studying fairly primitive creatures which have nervous systems that are smaller and less complex than other animals
simple systems approach
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The transfer of habituation from one stimulus to a new but similar stimuli
generalization
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Control system theory has
6 major concepts (e.g., comparator, reference input, actual input and disturbance), and how it serves as a model for understanding goal-directed behavior
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A reflex is a form of
stereotyped pattern of movement which is supported by the spinal reflex arc via a feedback mechanism
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Tropisms are grouped into two major categories:
Kineses and taxes
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A fixed action pattern is
innate behavior in which movements are performed in an orderly sequence and can be characterized in several ways
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Scientists use a number of techniques
(e.g., FMRI, PET) to support the claim that human beings are born with innate abilities
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Habituation has several principles and it is viewed as
a useful type of learning
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Many emotional reactions can be explained via
the opponent-process theory which state that the initial response is called the a-process and the opposing response which occurs later is called b-process.
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A comparison between the actual state of the world and a goal state:
- Used to explain goal directed behavior:
- Home heating system
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device that compares its goal state (reference input) and the current situation (actual input) and signals the action is necessary if the two are not equal
Comparator
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goal state, not a physical entity but a conceptual one (temp)
Reference input
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current situation, measures some actual physical characteristic of the present environment (air temp in the vicinity)
Actual input
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what the output will be (on/off command of furnace)
Action system
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product of action system (entry of warm air from radiator)
Output
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other factors that can affect the actual input (open window)
Disturbance
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Goal-directed behavior based upon
feedback system
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The role of the comparator-reference and actual input comparisons
Control Systems Theory
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Product of an action system is the
output
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Something that an animal doesn't need to learn to do
innate
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A stimulus elicited response (stereotyped)
Reflex
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Viewed as an example of a feedback system
Reflex
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The role of “stretch receptors” in the reflex feedback system
(actually moving your hand away)
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Involuntary forced movement
Tropism
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[nothing is guiding it] (random movement) [in relation to stimulus]
Kineses
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(directed movement) [ants use the sun for guidance]
Taxes
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(not learned but innate)
Complex Behavior: Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
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Part of the repertoire of all members of a species
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
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The behavior Pattern is not learned
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
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Once it starts, it will continue to completion
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
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triggered by sign stimulus
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
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-Part of a representation of all species
- -Not a result of prior learning
- -Must occur in a rigid order, once it starts it will continue to completion
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Nut-burying behavior of squirrels (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1975)
FAP
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Territorial defense response of male stickleback (Tinbergen, 1951) fish
FAP
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Laying egg behavior of an oyster catcher (bird)
FAP
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They know it's not working for them and walk away
Reaction chains differ from FAP
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If stimulus is not present, sequenced behavior will not occur
Reaction chains
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Hermit Crab
May stop or skip steps if it's not working for them
Reaction Chains
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More efficient, has more insight
Reaction Chains
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Commonalities: language; children in all cultures babble
Watson and Pinker’s concept of the blank slate
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One of the 1st to oppose Lock's Blank Slate
Watson and Pinker’s concept of the blank slate
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Emotional responses and facial expressions
Innate Human Abilities and Predispositions
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o (400)
o Abilities or bxs that all found in all human cultures
Brown’s (1991) list of Human Universals
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tool making, scavenge for food, societal rules, dancing, language, death, jokes
Brown’s (1991) list of Human Universals
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(simplest form of learning)
Habituation
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Go back to doing what you were doing before
- Examples of habituation
- Orienting responses
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Allow the individual to ignore insignificant stimuli that are repeatedly encounter
Function of habituation
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Constant shooting, no response
Body automatic response
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6 General Principles of Habituation
- 1) Course of habituation
- 2) Effects of time
- 3) Relearning effects
- 4) Effects of stimulus intensity
- 5) Effects of overlearning
- 6) Stimulus generalization
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1st time you hear a gunshot, 10th time decrease toward habituation
- 6 General Principles of Habituation:
- Course of habituation
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Response will reoccur , the time that it will take you to habituate again (30 min vs. 24 hrs.)
- 6 General Principles of Habituation:
- Effects of time
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Habituation is quicker, returning; quicker the 2nd time around
- 6 General Principles of Habituation:
- Relearning effects
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Proceeds rapidly w/intensity
- 6 General Principles of Habituation:
- Effects of stimulus intensity
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Below zero habituation
- 6 General Principles of Habituation:
- Effects of overlearning
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Similar stimuli habituation
- 6 General Principles of Habituation:
- Stimulus generalization
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Subject’s response to a stimulus changes as a result of repeated presentations
Solomon and Corbit (1974) concept:
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Emotional reactions consist of an __________ and a later ____________
initial response (a-process), later opposing response (b-process)
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Time plays a role in the
- Opponent-Process Theory
- emotional response
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Parachutists: Initial jump vs. later jumps
Opponent-Process Theory
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Initial use vs. multiple use
- Opponent-Process Theory
- Addictive behaviors:
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B =
the body's natural response to regulate it (equilibrium)
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