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Acoustic of Speech (3 parts)
- Intensity of Speech
- Energy
- Hearing Loss
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Intensity of Speech
- Whisper = 45 dB SPL
- Normal Conversational speech = 65 dB SPL
- (65 dB SPL = 45 dBHL on an audiogram)
- Average Shout = 85 dB SPL
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Energy
- vowels have more energy than consonants
- not all consonants are made up of the same energy
- /r/ vs. /th/
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Hearing Loss
- consonants: even a mild hearing loss will impact the perception of many of the consonants
- vowels: disruption will only occur in individuals with moderate (or poorer) hearing loss
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Temporal Parameters of Speech
- Vowels: 130-360 msec
- Consonants: 20-150 msec
- Average speech: ranges from 4.4 to 5.9 syllables per second
- Hearing Loss: rapid speech rates are more difficult for those with hearing loss
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Redundancy of speech vs. Noise
- speech is highly redundant
- Signal-to-noise ration is essential for speech perception of all listeners
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Signal-to-noise ratio needed for different hearing types
- normal hearing patient need +10 dB S/N
- sensorineural hearing losses need +15-20 dB S/N
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Redundancy within the Communication Model
- within the speaker: appropriate use of tone, stress, and articulation. vocabulary
- within the message: # of syllables, # words, context, intensity of speech
- within the environment: amount of noise and reverb., # of situational cues
- within the listener: familiarity with the rules of language and the vocab. knowledge of the topic on conversation, HEARING ABILITY
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Redundancy within linguistic constraints
- linguistic constraints: enhance speech perception and redundancy
- syntactic constraints
- semantic constraints
- situational constraints
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Noise within the Communication Model
- within the speaker: poor syntax, abnormal articulation, improper stress or inflection
- within the environment: poor lighting, visual distractions, competing auditory signals and reverb
- within the listener: lack of knowledge re: the rules of language, inability to identify the topic of conversation and generally poor listening skills
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Auditory Perception of Speech
- Detection
- Discrimination
- Identification
- Attention
- Memory
- Closure
- Comprehension
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Define Auditory Training
- A process of teaching the child or adult with hearing impairment to take full advantage of available auditory clues and maximize the use of their hearing. Carhart, 1960
- The creation of special communication conditions in which teachers and audiologists help hearing impaired children acquire many of the auditory perception abilities that normally hearing children acquire… Erber, 1982
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Candidates for Auditory Training (4 criteria)
- Children with congenital SNHL
- Children who acquire significant hearing loss
- Cochlear implant recipients
- Adults with significant hearing disability
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History of Auditory Training
- Goldstein (1939)- introduced the acoustic method
- Involved systematic stimulation of individual speech sounds , syllables, words and sentences
- Used with severely/profoundly deaf children
- WWII
- Proved that veterans (adults) could benefit from auditory training
- Carhart’s Childhood Procedures
- 1. Development of awareness of sound
- 2. Development of gross discrimination
- 3. Development of broad discrimination among simple speech patterns
- 4. Development of finer discrimination for speech
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Reasons for Assessment before beginning Auditory Training
- determines if auditory training is warranted
- Identify specific areas which need to be emphasized
- Gather pre and post therapy data to document if improvement occurred
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Current Assessment Approaches for Children
Aud. Perception
- Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification (WIPI)
- Northwestern University Children’s perception of Speech (NU-CHIPS)
- Six Sound Test by Ling /m/ /a/ /u/ /i/ /s/ /∫/
- Test of Auditory Comprehension
- Glendonald Auditory Screening procedure (GASP)
- Developmental approach to successful Listening.(DASL)
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Current Assessment Approaches for Adults
Aud. Perception
- Northwestern University (NU-6)
- California Consonant Test (CCT)
- Speech perception in Noise (SPIN)
- Quick Speech in Noise test (QuickSin)
- Central Institute for the Deaf (CID) Everyday Sentences
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Methods of Auditory training
- Analytic
- Synthetic
- Pragmatic
- Eclectic*
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ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE AUDITORY TRAINING METHODS
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GASP (Erber, 1982)
- Training is based on the GASP assessment
- Used primarily with children
- Flexible and highly adaptive
- Three training approaches can be used:
- Natural conversational approach
- Moderately structured approach
- Practice on specific tasks
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Developmental Approach to Successful Listening II,DASL II (Stout & Windle, 1994)
- Sequential and very structured
- Hierarchy of listening skills worked on in brief individual sessions
- Appropriate for all ages
- Focus on:
- Sound awareness
- Phonetic listening
- Auditory comprehension
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SKI-HI (Clark & Watkins, 1985)
- Developed as a home program for infants with hearing loss and their families.
- 4 Phases (based on age)
- 11 general skills
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Define WATCH
- Watch the talker’s mouth (speechreading)
- Ask specific questions
- Talk about your hearing loss
- Change the situation
- Health care knowledge
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3 Communication Styles
- Passive
- Aggressive
- Assertive
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