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kernmr
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Shoulder flexion
- axis: acromial process
- stationary arm: midaxillary line of thorax
- Moveable are: lateral midline of hte humerus using the lateral epicondyle of the humerus for reference
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shoulder extension
- axis: acrominal process
- stationary arm: midaxillary line of the thorax
- moveable arm: lateral midline of the humerus using the lateral epicondyle of the humerus for reference
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shoulder abduction
- axis: anterior aspect of the acromial process
- stationary arm: parallel to the midline of the anterior aspect of the sternum
- moveable arm: medial midline of the humerus
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shoulder adduction
- axis: anterior aspect of the acromial process
- stationary arm: parallel to the midline of the anterior aspect of the strnum
- moveable arm: medial midline of the humerus
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shoulder medial (internal) rotation
- axis: olecranon process
- stationary arm: parallel or perpendicular to the floor
- moveable arm: ulna using the olecranon process and ulnar styloid process for reference
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shoulder lateral (external) rotation
- axis:olecranon process
- stationary arm: parallel or perpendicular to hte floor
- moveable arm: ulna using the olecranon process and ulnar styloid process for reference
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Elbow flexion and extension
- axis: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- stationary arm: lateral midline of hte humerus using the center of the acromial process for reference
- moveable arm: lateral midline of the radius using the radial head and radial styloid process for reference
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forearm pronation
- axis: lateral to the ulnar styloid process
- stationary arm: parallel to the anterior midline of the humerus
- moveable arm: dorsal aspect of the forearm, just proximal to the styloid process of the radius and ulna
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forearm supination
- axis: medial to the ulnar styloid process
- stationary arm: parallel to the anterior midline of the humerus
- moveable arm: ventral aspect of hte forearm, just proximal to the styloid process of the radius and ulna
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hip flexion
- axis: over the lateral aspect of the hip joint using the greater trochanter of the femur for reference
- stationary arm: lateral midline of the pelvis
- moveable arm: lateral midline of the femur using the lateral epicondyle for reference
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hip extension
- axis: over the lateral aspect of the hip joint using the great trochanter of the femur for reference
- stationary arm: lateral midline of the pelvis
- moveable arm: lateral midline of the femur using the lateral epicondyle for reference
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hip abduction
- axis: over the ASIS of the extremity being measured
- stationary arm: align with imaginary horizontal line extending from one ASIS to the other ASIS
- moveable arm: anterior midline of the femur using the midline of the patella for reference
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hip adduction
- axis: over the ASIS of the extremity being measured
- stationary arm: align with imaginary horizontal line extending from one ASIS to the other ASIS
- moveable arm: anterior midline of the femur usine the midline of the patella for reference
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knee flexion and extension
- axis: lateral epicondyle of the femur
- stationary arm: lateral midline of the femur using the greater trochanter for referance
- moveable arm: lateral midline of the fibula using the lateral malleolus and fibular head for reference
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ankle plantar and dorsiflexion
- axis: lateral aspect of the lateral malleolus
- stationary arm: lateral midline of the fibula using the head of the fibula for reference
- moveable arm: parallel to the lateral aspect of the fifth metatarsal
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