Health Science Midterm #2

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  1. What is a cohort? (2)
    • any designated group of person who are followed or traced over a period of time
    • a group of individuals with a common characteristic or experience
  2. What do you compare in cohort studies?
    compare occurrence of disease in "exposed" and "unexposed" people
  3. Where do we get the exposure information from in a cohort study?
    exposure information from BEFORE people develop the disease
  4. How are participants collected in prospective cohort? (2)
    • 1. select study groups on the basis of exposure
    • 2. select a population before identifying who is exposed/unexposed
  5. What do you compare in prospective cohort studies?
    compare the rates of the outcome in the exposed and unexposed groups
  6. How is data collected in a prospective cohort study? What is an example?
    • prospectively, moving forward in time
    • Example: via mailed questionnaires during study period
  7. What are the steps in conducting a prospective cohort study? (4)
    • select the study population
    • identify the exposed and unexposed groups
    • follow both groups forward in time and wait for the outcome to develop
    • compare the rates of the outcome in both groups
  8. How are the exposed and unexposed groups in retrospective cohort studies selected?
    retrospectively, in the past
  9. What data does retrospective cohort studies use?
    pre-existing data
  10. Where does the data from retrospective studies come from? (4)
    • occupational databases
    • hospital administration data
    • health insurance databases
    • health registries
  11. In retrospective cohort studies, how is disease occurrence usually measured?
    cumulative incidence or incidence rate
  12. How is the relationship between exposed and unexposed groups in retrospective cohort studies quantified?
    with RR (risk ratio)
  13. how can you prevent selection bias in retrospective cohort studies?
    study groups should be similar in every respect other than the exposure
  14. What is information bias in retrospective cohort?
    when information collected in exposed group (ex.type of info) differs from the information collected from unexposed
  15. A cohort study is conducted to assess the association between asthma and the development of ADHD. How can you solve misclassification of outcome? (2)
    • mask the assessor
    • objective outcomes
  16. What is loss to follow up?
    exposed individuals are more likely to be lost to follow up, compared with unexposed individuals
  17. Why might participants be lost to follow up? (3)
    • death
    • might move
    • might lose interest
  18. What are three things you can do to prevent loss to follow up?
    • try to avoid it
    • select a study population to those that are likely to remain enrolled for the entire follow up period
    • maintain up to date contact information
  19. In prospective cohort study, the entire study population must be?
    must be at risk at the beginning of the time period
  20. What are the pros of prospective cohort studies? (4)
    • allow the estimate of incidence
    • good for investigating multiple outcomes
    • good for studying rare exposures
    • reduced risk for survivor bias
  21. What's the denominator of true rate?
    person time
  22. What type of incidence would you use for this type of prospective cohort study?
    incidence density
  23. What kind of cases are you looking at in prospective cohort studies?
    incidence casess
  24. What are the cons for prospective cohort studies? (5)
    • selection bias (confounding)
    • not an efficient choice for rare outcomes
    • not good for outcome that takes a long time to develop
    • loss to follow up
    • expensive
  25. What are the pros of retrospective cohort studies? (4)
    • less expensive than prospective cohort studies
    • quick
    • more efficient when examining rare outcomes
    • may reduce information bias
  26. What are the cons to retrospective cohort studies? (3)
    • investigation limited to data that has already been collected
    • information may not have been collected for research purposes
    • exposed and unexposed groups may differ with regard to factors other than the exposure
  27. Cohort study participants are recruited based on outcome status?
    false, based on exposure status
  28. True or false: prospective cohort studies can provide a direct estimate of risk
    True, because rates of outcome are compared
  29. What is an example of misclassification bias?
    when the interviewer is aware of the exposure status of the study participants

Card Set Information

Author:
 CanuckGirl
ID:
 245215
Filename:
 Health Science Midterm #2
Updated:
 2013-11-05 19:44:39
Tags:
Chapter 11
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Description:
Cohort studies
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