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GENERIC NAME: LIDOCAINE HCl
- BRAND NAME: Xylocaine
- CLASS: Antiarrhythmic, local anesthetic
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GENERIC NAME: LORAZEPAM
- CLASS: Anxiolytic (an-z-o-lit-ic)
- Benzodiazepine, short or intermediate acting
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GENERIC NAME: MAGNESIUM SULFATE
- BRAND NAME: Magnesium Sulfate
- CLASS: Electrolyte, tocolytic
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GENERIC NAME: METHYLPREDNISOLONE (meth·yl·pred·nis·o·lone) SODIUM SUCCINATE
- BRAND NAME: Solu-Medrol
- CLASS: Corticosteroid, glucocorticoid, steroid, anti-inflammatory
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A gland that forms part of the immune system
Its function is to transform lymphocytes into T-cells
Consists of two lobes that join in front of the trachea
Thymus
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The body's largest lymphatic organ
Acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system
Helps fight certain kinds of bacteria that cause pneumonia & meningitis
Spleen
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The types of body defenses:
- Innate (nonspecific)
- Adaptive (specific)
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Defends against many different types of pathogens.
Is present at birth
Prevent or limit microorganisms & other envir. hazards from approaching, entering, or spreading
Innate (nonspecific) defenses
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Innate (nonspecific) defenses include what types of defenses
- Mechanical barriers
- Chemical barriers
- Natural killer cells (NK cells)
- Inflammation
- Phagocytosis (engulfs)
- Fever
- Species resistance
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A set of three tough membranes that enclose the entire brain and spinal cord (CNS)
Meninges
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The three Meninges membranes
- Dura mater - Outer toughest
- Arachnoid - 2nd layer; (blood vessels like spider webs)
- Pia mater - inner layer; rest on brain or spinal cord
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Fluid produced on the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Cranial nerves 1-6
- Olfactory bulb I
- Optic nerve II
- Oculomotor nerve III
- Trochlear nerve IV
- Trigeminal Nerve V
- Abducens Nerve VI
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70 - 80% of circulated blood lymphocytes
Exits in lymp nodes
Attach to foreign, antigen-bearing cells
Direct cell-to-cell contact
(Cellular immune response)
T lymphocyes (T cells)
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20-30% of circulating lymphocytes
Abundant in lymph nodes, bone marrow, intesinal lining, spleen
Divide & differentiate into plasma cells
Produces antibodies
Reacts to destroy antigens
(Hormoral immunity response)
B lymphocytes (B cells)
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Control center for the body
Responsible for controlling breathing, pulse, & blood pressure
Performnace of memory, understanding, & thought
The Nervous System
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Two main portions of the nervous system:
- Central (CNS)
- Peripheral (PNS)
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The Central nervous system is:
The brain & spinal cord
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Consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves
sensory, motor, or connecting nerves
The Peripheral nervous system
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Part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates voluntary control:
Walking
Talking
Writing
Somatic nervous system
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Controls the body functions that occur without voluntary control:
Digestion
Dilation
Contriction of blood vessels
Sweating
All involuntary actions
Autonomic nervous system
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The three areas comprise of the brain stem:
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
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The cells of the brain stem controls:
- Cardiac
- Respiratory
- All basic body functions necessary for life
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Cranial nerves 7-12
- Facial nerve VII
- Vestibulochlear nerve VIII
- Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
- Vagus nerve X
- Spinal accessory nerve XI
- Hypoglossal nerve XII
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Longest of the cranial nerves
Responsible for decreasing heart rate
Provides motor functions to:
Soft palate
Pharynx
Larynx
Vagas nerve
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Molecules that bind to a cell's receptor and trigger a response by that cell
They produce a action or biologic effect
Agaonists
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Molecules that bind to a cell's receptor and block the action of agonists
Antagonists
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Hormone antagonist are widely used as:
Drugs
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Made up of various glands located throughout the body
The system that releases hormones such as insulin into the blood stream
Endocrine system
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Resposible for Cellular immune response:
T cells
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Responsible for Hormonal immunity response:
B cells
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The parts of the Autonomic nervous system:
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
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The system responsible for the "fight or flight" response:
Sympathetic nervous system
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The system responsible for the "feed and breed" functions:
Slows down the cardiovascular and respiratory functions
Parasympathetic nervous system
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The system that:
Protects the body in the environment
Regulates body temp
Transmits info from envir. to the brain
The Integumentary system (skin)
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Secretes enzymes that aid in the digestion of fat, startch, and protien
Produces insulin; to regulate the amount of glucose in the blood
Pancreas
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Largest solid organ in the abdomen
Produces bile to assist in digestion of fat
Stores sugar & starch for immediate use for energy
Renders digestion poisions harmless
Liver
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Major hollow organ of the abdomen
Produces enzymes & mucus for digestion
Absorbs 90% of products of digestion
Small intestine
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Absorbs 5- 10% of digested foods & water
Forms solid stool to pass out
Breaks down some digested molecules
Large intestine
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The canal that extends from the mouth to the anus:
Alimentary
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The walls of the alimentary canal consist of what four layers:
- Mucosa (mucous membrane)
- Submucosa
- Muscular layer
- Serosa (serous layer)
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Abdomen:
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- Liver
- Gall bladder
- Some of colon
- Small intestine
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Abdomen
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Some of colon
- Small intestine
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Abdomen
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- Cecum
- Ascending colon
- Appendix
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Abdomen
Left lower quadrant )LLQ)
Descending and sigmoid parts of colon
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Functions of the digestive system:
- Ingestion
- Mechanical processing
- Digestion
- Secretion
- Absorption
- Excretion
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The digestive system converts food into:
- Basic sugars
- Fatty acids
- Amino acids
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A process that releases energy from organic compounds
Glucose & oxygen are needed to produce energy
Cellular respiration
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What notes a rise or fall in core body temperature and elicits responses to regulate it
Hypothalamus
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Referred to as the "master gland" it secretions control the secretions of other endocrine glands
Pituitary gland
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A gland that manufactures and secretes hormones that have a role in growth, development, and metabolism
Thyroid gland
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Promotes sex hormone secretions; aids in release of female egg cells
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Contracts uterine wall muscles; contracts milk-secreting gland muscles
Oxytocin (OT)
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The female reproductive organ that produces oocytes (eggs) and sex hormones
Ovary (ovaries)
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Transports secondary oocytes in the direction of the uterus; fertilization occurs here, with the developing embryo conveyed to the uterus
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The male reproductive system consists of the:
- Testicles
- Epididymis
- Vasa deferentia
- Penis
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Components of the Urinary system
- − Kidneys
- − Ureters
- − Urinary bladder
- − Urethra
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