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Positive effects of industrialization
More goods were available at a lower price
Middle class gained wealth
Railroads improved transportation
Unions are formed to try to protect workers rights
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Negative effects of industrialization
Cities were overcrowded, dirty, and unsanitary
Disease was widespread
Factory wages were higher than farm wages, but still extremely low
Factory employees worked 60-84 hours per week
Women and children worked in factories and mines for even less money
Factory and mine conditions were extremely dangerous
Factory workers who were injured on the job had no healthcare or job protection
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What percentage of the work force was under 14?
14%
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How were children punished for being late or not working?
Weights or whipping
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Why did children work these kinds of jobs
More money for family
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Disease from tainted water
Cholera
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A massive change in the way goods were produced from human labor to machines
Industrial Revolution
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Energy sources developed to power new machinery
Water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
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Metals and minerals used
Aluminum, coal, copper, iron
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Hand tools
Home
Small hand tools owned by worker
Small level of production
Sold only to local market
Manufactured on a per-order basis
Worker manufactured entire item
Worker worked as much as he/she would and could, according to demand
Workers had multiple sources of sustenance - other employers, own own garden or farm, and outside farm labor
Domestic System
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Machines
Factory
Large power-driven machines owned by the capitalist
Large level of production
Sold to a worldwide market
Manufactured in anticipation of demand
Worker typically made one part of the larger whole
Worker worked set daily hours
Worker relied entirely on capitalist for his/her income - urban living made personal farming and gardening impractical
Factory system
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A massive increase in the amount of food produced
Led to a population explosion, which created a need for more goods
The agricultural revolution
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Farmers left 1/3 of the land fallow each year to restore fertility to the soil
Three-field system
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Unfenced farms with few improvements made to the land
Open-field system
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The use of farm machinery meant that ___ were needed
Fewer farm workers
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Displaced farm workers moved to the cities to find work in factories
Rural - to - urban migration
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Ended the three-field system by illustrating how planting different crops in the same field each year kept the soil from becoming exhausted
Crop rotation by Lord Townshend
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First to scientifically breed farm animals for increased production of, and better quality, beef, milk, wool, etc.
Scientific breeding by Robert Bakewell
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Planted seeds in straight rows as opposed to scattering them over a field
Seed drill by Jethro Tull
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Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
Capital for investing in the means of production
Colonies and markets for manufactured goods
A powerful navy
Surplus of workers
Geography
Raw materials
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Colonies gave England ___
Access to enormous markets and vast amounts of raw materials
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Utilitarians
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
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Utilitarianism
The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number
There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net
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The socialists
Utopians and Marxists
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Socialism
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just the rich
Tried to build utopias
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Why was slavery abolished in the colonies in 1832
To raise wages in Britain
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Sadler commision
To look into working condition
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Factory Act 1833
Child labor
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Reform bill 1832
Broadens the vote for the cities
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New poor law
Indoor relief
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