med vocab ch 14-15.txt

pair of glands located on top of the kidneys that secrete hormones that aid in metabolism, electrolyte balance, and stress reactions; each gland consist of an outer portion, called the adrenal cortex, and an inner portion, called the adrenal medulla

part of the brain located near the pituitary gland that controls the release of hormones by the pituitary gland

endocrine cells inside the pancreas that secrete hormones that aid carbohydrate and glucose metabolism

female reproductive glands attached to the uterus that produce hormones and release eggs

four small glands located behind the thyroid that regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the bloodstream and bones

small, cone-shaped gland located int he brain that secretes melatonin, which affects sleep-wake cycles and reproduction

pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that secrets hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands; also known as the "master gland"; divided into anterior and posterior lobes

male reproductive glands located in the scrotum, which produce sperm and testosterone

gland in the mediastinum that secretes a hormone that regulates the immune system

gland located below the larynx that secretes a hormone that is needed for cell metabolism and energy; the largest endocrine gland; has two lobes connected by a tissue called the isthmus

stimulates the adrenal cortex

regulates the ovaries and testicles; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males

regulates body growth

stimulates secretion of progesterone in females and testosterone in males

stimulates milk production

stimulates the thyroid gland

stimulates water absorption by the kidneys

stimulates uterine contractions

affects sleep-wake cycles and reproduction

regulates metabolism

regulates metabolism

regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in blood and bones

regulates blood glucose levels

regulates immune responses

regulates electrolyte levels

aids in metabolism and also aids the body during stress

aid body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

affect the development of female sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics; regulate menstrual cycle and pregnancy

affects development of sexual organs in males and secondary sexual characteristics

extremity, tip

gland

adrenal glands

calcium

cortex

to secrete

thrist

endocrine

glucose, sugar

hormone

potassium

sodium

pancreas

parathyroid glands

thymus gland

thyroid gland

good, normal

above, excessive

below, deficient

many, much

pertaining to

blood (condition of)

condition of

enlargement

resembling

urine, urination

pertaining to the cortex

produced inside the body

normal thyroid

produced outside of the body

all physical and chemical changes that occur in tissue

pertaining to the pancreas

pertaining to the thymus gland

abnormal accumulation of acidic waste products in the blood

enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive production of growth hormone

disease caused by deficiency of cortisol production by the adrenal glands; characterized by darkening of the skin, weakness, and loss of appetite

pain in a gland

inflammation of a gland

enlargement of a gland

inflammation of an adrenal gland

enlargement of an adrenal gland

disease of the adrenal gland

deficiency of calcium

condition caused by absence or atrophy of the thyroid gland present at birth characterized by mental deficiency and dwarfism (formerly known as cretinism)

disease caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands characterized by fat pads in the chest and abdomen, moon-shaped face, and skin pigmentation

disorder caused by deficiency of antidiuretic hormone production by the pituitary gland resulting in excessive urination and excessive thirst

disorder caused by deficiency of insulin and/or insulin resistance causing poor carbohydrate metabolism and high blood glucose levels

diabetes caused by a total lack of insulin production; usually develops in childhood, and patients require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder

diabetes caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently; usually develops in middle-aged or older adults, and patients usually do not require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder

excessive ketones in blood due to breakdown of steroid fats for energy; a complication of diabetes mellitus; if left untreated, can lead to coma and death

disease of an endocrine gland

protruding or bulging eyes

condition of excessive body growth caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland

glucose in the urine

enlargement of the thyroid gland

condition of excessive secretion of thyroid hormone causing goiter and exophthalmos

autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroiditis

excessive hair growth or hair growht in unusal places

high levels of calcium in the blood

high levels of glucose or sugar in the blood

high levels of potassium in the blood

high levels of sodium in the blood

deficient hormone production by the parathyroid glands

deficient hormone production by the thyroid gland

excessive ketones in the blood

severe hypothyroidism in an adult characterized by pale dry skin, brittle hair, and sluggishness

inflammation of the pancreas

excessive thirst

excessive and frequent urination

spasms of nerves and muscles due to low levels of calcium in the blood caused by deficient production of parathyroid hormone

inflammation of the thyroid gland

enlargement of the thyroid gland

condition of excessively high levels of thyroid hormone (either endogenous or exogenous)

test to measure the amount of glucose in the blood

blood test to measure the amount of sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide in the blood

blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting for at least 8 hours

device for measuring blood glucose levels from a drop of blood obtained by a fingerstick

blood test that measures the amount of glucose int he blood after administering a dose of glucose to the patient; used to gauge the body's ability to metabolize glucose

blood test that indicates the amount of glucose in the blood over the previous few months; used to indicate how well diabetes mellitus is being controlled

blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels in the bood

blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone int he blood; used to diagnose hyperthyroidism or to monitor thyroid replacement therapy

blood test that measures the amount of thyroxine int he blood to diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

test of thyroid function by measuring the uptake of iodine by the thyroid

scan of the thyroid gland using a radioactive substance, ultrasound, or computed tomography to show the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland

excision of a gland

excision of an adrenal gland

excision of the pancreas

excision of a parathyroid gland

excision of the thymus gland

excision of the thyroid gland

incision into the thyroid gland

excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

drug used to treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood

drug used to treat overproduction of thyroid hormone

infusion of insulin to subcutaneous tissues by a device worn on the body

method used to treat diabetes mellitus by replacing natural insulin

method use to replace a hormone normally produced by the body

medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system

physician who specializes in endocrinology

adrenocorticotropic hormone

antidiuretic hormone

continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

diabetes insipidus

diabetic ketoacidosis

diabetes mellitus

fasting blood glucose

follicle-stimulating hormone

growth hormone

glucose tolerance test

luteinizing hormone

parathyroid hormone

radioactive iodine uptake

triiodiothyronine

thyroxine

thyroid-stimulating hormone

soft tissue within bone, with multiple functions including production of blood cells

meshlike bone tissue

harder, denser bone

the shaft of a long bone

membrane within medullary cavity

the wider ends of a long bone

the growth are of a long bone

the flared section of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis

bone

bone-forming cell

a cell that helps remove osseous (bony) tissue

bone cell

membrane surrounding a bone

bones of the skull, spine, and chest

bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and pelvis

the chest

the socket of the pelvic bone where the femur articulates

lateral upper section of the scapula

bone of the heel

the eight bones of the wrist

collarbone

the skull; composed of eight bones

bone of the upper leg

smaller, outer bone of the lower leg

bone of the upper arm

bone beneath the mandible

posterior section of a vertebra

lower bone of the jaw

upper bone of the jaw

the five bones of the palm of the hand

the five ones of the foot

kneecap

the hip bone, composed of three fused bones on each side

posterior lower section of the pelvic bone

upper section of the pelvic bone

anterior lower section of pelvic bone; pubic bone

the bones of the fingers and toes; 14 in each hand or foot

the outer of two bones of the lower arm

long curved bones that form the bony wall of the chest

shoulder blade

anterior bone of thorax; breast bone

the seven bones of the ankle

larger inner bone of the lower leg

the more inner of two bones of the lower arm

a bone of the spine

bones of neck

bones of midspine

bones of lower back

five fused vertebrae below the lumbar spine

four fused vertebrae at the lower end of the spine, below the sacrum; the tailbone

lower section of the sternum

the site where bones come together

a fluid-filled fibrous sac within some joints

dense connective tissue attached to bone in many joints

a joint that moves freely; the joint cavity contains synovial fluid

platelike structure of connective tissue between vertebrae

band of strong connective tissue joining bones

cartilage structure in the knee

an immovable joint, such as that which joins the bones of the skull

a joint that moves only slightly

lubricating fluid in a freely moving joint

band of fibrous connective tissue attaching a muscle to a bone

moving away from the midline

moving toward the midline

moving a circular manner

turning inward

turning outward

bending foot upward

bending foot downward

motion that increases the joint angle

motion that decreases the joint angle

turning downward (palm of hand or sole of foot)

turning upward (palm of hand or sole of foot)

moving in a circular direction around an axis

skeletal muscle that creates a movement by contracting; prime mover

skeletal muscle that opposes an agonist muscle and relaxes when the agonist contracts

heart muscle

sheet of connective tissue covering a muscle

bundle of muscle fibers

end of muscle attached to bone that moves during contraction

end of muscle attached to bone that does not move during contraction

type of muscle not under voluntary control; present in internal organs

type of muscle under voluntary control ("striated" refers to light and dark bands in muscle fibers)

muscle tone

stiff

joint

bursa

carpal bones

cartilage

clavicle

rib

neck

cranium, skull

disk or disc

fascia, band

femur

fibula

humerus

ilium

ischium

movement

humpback

smooth

lamina

curved, bent

mandible

lumbar region, lower back

maxilla

meniscus

muscle

bone marrow, spinal cord

bone

patella

pelvis, pelvic cavity

phalanges

pubis

spine

radius

striated muscle

sacrum

scapula

crooked, twisted

sternum

synovial joint or fluid

tarsal bones

tendon

thorax, chest

tone, tension

ulna

vertebra

between

within

above

below, beneath

together, with

pain

weakness

puncture to aspirate

to break

surgical fixation, binding

excision, surgical removal

inflammation

abnormal condition

growth

surgical repair, reconstruction

pore, passage

suture

to split

development, nourishment

pertaining to the carpal bones

pertaining to the ribs and thoracic vertebrea

pertaining to the skull

pertaining to the femur

pertaining to the humerus

pertaining to the ilium and femur

pertaining to the area between the ribs

pertaining to the area between the vertebrae

pertaining to the area within the skull

pertaining to the ischium and femur

pertaining to the lower back

pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and ribs

pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and sacrum

pertaining to bone

pertaining to the pelvis or pelvic cavity

pertaining to the sacrum

pertaining to the sacrum and the vertebrae above

pertaining to the sternum and clavicle

resembling the sternum

pertaining to the area below a rib or the ribs

pertaining to the area below the mandible

pertaining to the area below the maxilla

pertaining to the area below the scapula

pertaining to the area below the sternum

pertaining to the area above the patella

pertaining to the area above the scapula

pertaining to, containing, or consisting of synovial fluid

arthritis of the spine

abnormal condition of stiffening or fixation of a joint

condition of pain in a joint

inflammation of a joint

inflammation of an articular cartilage

a wasting of tissue or an organ

condition of decreased movement

swelling at metatarsophalaneal joint caused by inflammatory bursa

inflammation of a bursa

a calculus (stone) formed in a bursa

nerve entrapment syndrome in the wrist, causing pain

paralysis of wrist and finger muscles

softening of a cartliage

congenital incomplete closure of the skull

abnormal curving of the spine in one or more directions

abnormal forward curvature; humpback

abnormal backward curvature

abnormal lateral curvature

difficulty performing voluntary movements

abnormal development or growth of a tissue or organ often resulting from nutritional deficiency

bony projection that develops from cartilage

condition of chronic aching and stiffness of muscles and soft tissues of unknown causes

a break in a bone or cartilage

metabolic disorder involving painful deposits of crystals in connective tissue and articular cartilage

protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk

condition of excessive muscular movements

increased development of a part or organ not caused by a tumor

inflammation of the maxilla

inflammation of a meniscus

hereditary condition causing progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles

condition of muscular pain

condition of neuromusclular disorder causing weakness and fatigue of voluntary muscles

inflammation of a muscle

inflammation of a bone

arthritis involving erosion and inflammation of articular cartilage

inflammation of a bone and its articular cartilage

condition of softening of bones

inflammation of bone marrow

condition or process of bone tissue death

age-related disorder of decreased bone mass and weakening

inflammation of multiple voluntary muscles

embryologic failure of vertebral arches to fuse

disease causing progressive destructive changes and inflammation in multiple joints, especially in the hands and feet

disease caused by vitamin D deficiency, involving skeletal deformities and muscular weakness

inflammation of intervertebral articulations

injury of a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive forces on a joint

injury of a muscle caused by overuse or improper use

inflammation of a tendon

condition of pain in a tendon

inflammation of a tendon and its sheath

test for the presence of the enzyme creatine kinase in the blood that may indicate conditions that can cause muscle weakness or pain

time measurement of red blood cells settling in a test tube over 1 hour; used to assess for inflammatory or necrotic conditions

blood test used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis

test for the presence of crystals caused by some conditions, such as arthritis, and also signs of joint infection

test for elevated presence of uric acid in the blood, indicating gout

x-ray imaging of a joint using a contrast agent

endoscopic examination of the interior of a joint

x-ray technique for determining density of bone

nuclear medicine imagining of bone to diagnose bone disorders

x-ray technique producing computer-generated cross-sectional images; used to evaluate disorders of and injuries to the musculoskeletal system

diagnostic test producing graphic record of electric currents associated with muscular action

imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; often used for diagnosing joint disorders

examination of any part of the body by x-ray

measurement of the amount of movement allowed in a joint

needle puncture to remove fluid from a joint

surgical breaking of adhesions in ankylosis

surgical artificial stiffening of a joint

surgical restoration of a joint function or creation of an artificial joint (such as a total hip or knee replacement)

excision of a bursa

excision of part or all of the carpal bones

excision of cartilage

surgical repair of cartilage

excision of a rib

surgical repair of the skull

surgical repair of the skull

excision of part or all of an intervertebral disk

excision of a vertebral lamina

enlargement of the interverteral foramen by excision of a portion of the lamina

surgical resection of the maxilla

excision of a meniscus, usually from the knee joint

surgical repair of muscular tissue

suture of a muscle

surgical repair of a fracture by making an incision into the skin and muscle at the site of the fracture, manually moving the bones into alignment, and fixing the bones in place with surgical wires, screws, pins, rods, or plates

excision of bone tissue

intentional fracture of a bone to correct deformity

surgical instrument used to fracture a bone to correct a deformity

excision of the patella

excision of one or more phalanges of the hand or foot

manipulative or surgical procedure to restore a part to its normal position, such as by reducing a fracture (putting bone ends back in place)

surgical procedure to create ankylosis between two or more vertebrae; also called spinal fusion

excision of part or all of a joint's synovial membrane

excision of part or all of the tarsal bones

suture of the divided ends of a tendon

a pulling force exerted on a limb or other part of the body to maintain a desired position for healing

external orthopedic device, such as a brace or splint

fabricated substitute for a damaged or missing part of the body

a drug that relieves pain without producing anesthesia

a drug that reduces inflammation around joints

drug with anti-inflammatory action (and usually analgesic and antipyretic effects as well); used to treat joint and muscle conditions

a drug that relaxes skeletal muscle spasms and spasticity

health care discipline involving physical manipulation of musculoskeletal structures

one who specializes in chiropractic

medical specialty focusing on diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system

the science of making and fitting orthopedic devices

physician who specializes in orthopedics

one who makes and fits orthopedic appliances

school of medicine emphasizing manipulative measures in addition to techniques of conventional medicine

medical specialty focusing on diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the foot

physician who specializes in podiatry

medical specialty focusing on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of joint conditions

physician who specializes in rheumatology

cervical vertebrae 1 to 7

creatine kinase

computed tomography

carpal tunnel syndrome

electromyogram

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

fracture

lumbar vertebrae 1 to 5

muscular dystrophy

myasthenia gravis

magnetic resonance imaging

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

osteoarthritis

open reduction, internal fixation

rheumatoid arthritis

rheumatoid factor

range of motion

thoracic vertebrae 1 to 12