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Adrenal glands, suprarenal glands
pair of glands located on top of the kidneys that secrete hormones that aid in metabolism, electrolyte balance, and stress reactions; each gland consist of an outer portion, called the adrenal cortex, and an inner portion, called the adrenal medulla
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Hypothalamus
part of the brain located near the pituitary gland that controls the release of hormones by the pituitary gland
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Islets of Langerhans
endocrine cells inside the pancreas that secrete hormones that aid carbohydrate and glucose metabolism
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Ovaries
female reproductive glands attached to the uterus that produce hormones and release eggs
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Parathyroid glands
four small glands located behind the thyroid that regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the bloodstream and bones
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Pineal gland, pineal body
small, cone-shaped gland located int he brain that secretes melatonin, which affects sleep-wake cycles and reproduction
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Pituitary gland
pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that secrets hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands; also known as the "master gland"; divided into anterior and posterior lobes
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Testes, testicles
male reproductive glands located in the scrotum, which produce sperm and testosterone
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Thymus gland
gland in the mediastinum that secretes a hormone that regulates the immune system
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Thyroid gland
gland located below the larynx that secretes a hormone that is needed for cell metabolism and energy; the largest endocrine gland; has two lobes connected by a tissue called the isthmus
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the adrenal cortex
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
regulates the ovaries and testicles; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males
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Growth hormone (GH)
regulates body growth
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates secretion of progesterone in females and testosterone in males
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Prolactin
stimulates milk production
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates the thyroid gland
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
stimulates water absorption by the kidneys
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Oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions
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Melatonin
affects sleep-wake cycles and reproduction
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Thyroxine (T4)
regulates metabolism
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Triiodothyronine (T3)
regulates metabolism
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in blood and bones
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Insulin
regulates blood glucose levels
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Thymosin
regulates immune responses
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Aldosterone
regulates electrolyte levels
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Cortisol
aids in metabolism and also aids the body during stress
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
aid body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
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Estrogen and progesterone
affect the development of female sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics; regulate menstrual cycle and pregnancy
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Testosterone
affects development of sexual organs in males and secondary sexual characteristics
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adren/o, adrenal/o
adrenal glands
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-
-
-
-
-
gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o, glycos/o
glucose, sugar
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-
-
-
-
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
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-
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
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-
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-
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-emia
blood (condition of)
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-
-
-
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Cortical
pertaining to the cortex
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Endogenous
produced inside the body
-
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Exogenous
produced outside of the body
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Metabolism
all physical and chemical changes that occur in tissue
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Pancreatic
pertaining to the pancreas
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Thymic
pertaining to the thymus gland
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Acidosis
abnormal accumulation of acidic waste products in the blood
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Acromegaly
enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive production of growth hormone
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Addison disease
disease caused by deficiency of cortisol production by the adrenal glands; characterized by darkening of the skin, weakness, and loss of appetite
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Adenalgia
pain in a gland
-
Adenitis
inflammation of a gland
-
Adenomegaly
enlargement of a gland
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Adrenalitis
inflammation of an adrenal gland
-
Adrenomegaly
enlargement of an adrenal gland
-
Adrenopathy
disease of the adrenal gland
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Calcipenia
deficiency of calcium
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Congenital hypothyroidism
condition caused by absence or atrophy of the thyroid gland present at birth characterized by mental deficiency and dwarfism (formerly known as cretinism)
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Cushing syndrome
disease caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands characterized by fat pads in the chest and abdomen, moon-shaped face, and skin pigmentation
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Diabetes insipidus (DI)
disorder caused by deficiency of antidiuretic hormone production by the pituitary gland resulting in excessive urination and excessive thirst
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Diabetes mellitus (DM)
disorder caused by deficiency of insulin and/or insulin resistance causing poor carbohydrate metabolism and high blood glucose levels
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus
diabetes caused by a total lack of insulin production; usually develops in childhood, and patients require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus
diabetes caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently; usually develops in middle-aged or older adults, and patients usually do not require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder
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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
excessive ketones in blood due to breakdown of steroid fats for energy; a complication of diabetes mellitus; if left untreated, can lead to coma and death
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Endocrinopathy
disease of an endocrine gland
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Exophthalmos
protruding or bulging eyes
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Gigantism
condition of excessive body growth caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland
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Glucosuria, glycosuria
glucose in the urine
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Goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
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Graves disease
condition of excessive secretion of thyroid hormone causing goiter and exophthalmos
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Hashimoto thyroiditis, Hashimoto disease
autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroiditis
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Hirsutism
excessive hair growth or hair growht in unusal places
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Hypercalcemia
high levels of calcium in the blood
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Hyperglycemia
high levels of glucose or sugar in the blood
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Hyperkalemia
high levels of potassium in the blood
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Hypernatremia
high levels of sodium in the blood
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Hypoparathyroidiism
deficient hormone production by the parathyroid glands
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Hypothyroidism
deficient hormone production by the thyroid gland
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Ketosis
excessive ketones in the blood
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Myxedema
severe hypothyroidism in an adult characterized by pale dry skin, brittle hair, and sluggishness
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Pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
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Polydipsia
excessive thirst
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Polyuria
excessive and frequent urination
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Tetany
spasms of nerves and muscles due to low levels of calcium in the blood caused by deficient production of parathyroid hormone
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Thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid gland
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Thyromegaly
enlargement of the thyroid gland
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Thyrotoxicosis
condition of excessively high levels of thyroid hormone (either endogenous or exogenous)
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Blood glucose, blood sugar
test to measure the amount of glucose in the blood
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Electrolyte panel
blood test to measure the amount of sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide in the blood
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Fasting blood glucose (FBG)
blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting for at least 8 hours
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Glucometer
device for measuring blood glucose levels from a drop of blood obtained by a fingerstick
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Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
blood test that measures the amount of glucose int he blood after administering a dose of glucose to the patient; used to gauge the body's ability to metabolize glucose
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Glycosylated hemoglobin
blood test that indicates the amount of glucose in the blood over the previous few months; used to indicate how well diabetes mellitus is being controlled
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Thyroid function tests
blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels in the bood
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone level
blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone int he blood; used to diagnose hyperthyroidism or to monitor thyroid replacement therapy
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Thyroxine level
blood test that measures the amount of thyroxine int he blood to diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
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Radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU), 131I uptake test
test of thyroid function by measuring the uptake of iodine by the thyroid
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Thyroid scan
scan of the thyroid gland using a radioactive substance, ultrasound, or computed tomography to show the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland
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Adenectomy
excision of a gland
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Adrenalectomy
excision of an adrenal gland
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Pancreatetomy
excision of the pancreas
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Parathyroidectomy
excision of a parathyroid gland
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Thymectomy
excision of the thymus gland
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Thyroidectomy
excision of the thyroid gland
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Thyroidotomy
incision into the thyroid gland
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Thyroparathyroidectomy
excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
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Antidiabetic
drug used to treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood
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Antithyroid
drug used to treat overproduction of thyroid hormone
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Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), insulin pump
infusion of insulin to subcutaneous tissues by a device worn on the body
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Insulin therapy
method used to treat diabetes mellitus by replacing natural insulin
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Hormone replacement therapy
method use to replace a hormone normally produced by the body
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Endocrinology
medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system
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Endocrinologist
physician who specializes in endocrinology
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ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
-
-
CSII
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
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DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
-
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FBG
fasting blood glucose
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FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
-
-
GTT
glucose tolerance test
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-
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RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake
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-
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TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
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Bone marrow
soft tissue within bone, with multiple functions including production of blood cells
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Cancellous bone, spongy bone
meshlike bone tissue
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Compact bone
harder, denser bone
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Diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone
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Endosteum
membrane within medullary cavity
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Epiphysis
the wider ends of a long bone
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Epiphyseal plate
the growth are of a long bone
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Metaphysis
the flared section of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis
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Osteoblast
bone-forming cell
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Osteoclast
a cell that helps remove osseous (bony) tissue
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Periosteum
membrane surrounding a bone
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Axial skeleton
bones of the skull, spine, and chest
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Appendicular skeleton
bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and pelvis
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Acetabulum
the socket of the pelvic bone where the femur articulates
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Acromion
lateral upper section of the scapula
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Calcaneus
bone of the heel
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Carpal bones
the eight bones of the wrist
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Cranium
the skull; composed of eight bones
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Femur
bone of the upper leg
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Fibula
smaller, outer bone of the lower leg
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Humerus
bone of the upper arm
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Hyoid
bone beneath the mandible
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Lamina
posterior section of a vertebra
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Mandible
lower bone of the jaw
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Maxilla
upper bone of the jaw
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Metacarpal bones
the five bones of the palm of the hand
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Metatarsal bones
the five ones of the foot
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Pelvic bone
the hip bone, composed of three fused bones on each side
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Ischium
posterior lower section of the pelvic bone
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Ilium
upper section of the pelvic bone
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Pubis
anterior lower section of pelvic bone; pubic bone
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Phalanges
the bones of the fingers and toes; 14 in each hand or foot
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Radius
the outer of two bones of the lower arm
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Ribs
long curved bones that form the bony wall of the chest
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Sternum
anterior bone of thorax; breast bone
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Tarsal bones
the seven bones of the ankle
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Tibia
larger inner bone of the lower leg
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Ulna
the more inner of two bones of the lower arm
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Vertebra
a bone of the spine
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Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
bones of neck
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Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
bones of midspine
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Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
bones of lower back
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Sacrum
five fused vertebrae below the lumbar spine
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Coccyx
four fused vertebrae at the lower end of the spine, below the sacrum; the tailbone
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Xiphoid process
lower section of the sternum
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Articulation
the site where bones come together
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Bursa
a fluid-filled fibrous sac within some joints
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Cartilage
dense connective tissue attached to bone in many joints
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Synovial joint, diarthrosis
a joint that moves freely; the joint cavity contains synovial fluid
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Intervertebral disk
platelike structure of connective tissue between vertebrae
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Ligament
band of strong connective tissue joining bones
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Meniscus
cartilage structure in the knee
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Suture
an immovable joint, such as that which joins the bones of the skull
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Symphysis
a joint that moves only slightly
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Synovial fluid
lubricating fluid in a freely moving joint
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Tendon
band of fibrous connective tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
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Abduction
moving away from the midline
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Adduction
moving toward the midline
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Circumduction
moving a circular manner
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Dorsiflexion
bending foot upward
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Plantar flexion
bending foot downward
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Extension
motion that increases the joint angle
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Flexion
motion that decreases the joint angle
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Pronation
turning downward (palm of hand or sole of foot)
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Supination
turning upward (palm of hand or sole of foot)
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Rotation
moving in a circular direction around an axis
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Agonist
skeletal muscle that creates a movement by contracting; prime mover
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Antagonist
skeletal muscle that opposes an agonist muscle and relaxes when the agonist contracts
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Cardiac muscle
heart muscle
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Fascia
sheet of connective tissue covering a muscle
-
Fascicle
bundle of muscle fibers
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Insertion of muscle
end of muscle attached to bone that moves during contraction
-
Origin of muscle
end of muscle attached to bone that does not move during contraction
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Smooth muscle, unstriated muscle
type of muscle not under voluntary control; present in internal organs
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Skeletal muscle, striated muscle
type of muscle under voluntary control ("striated" refers to light and dark bands in muscle fibers)
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clavic/o, clavicul/o
clavicle
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-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
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kinesi/o, kinet/o
movement
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lumb/o
lumbar region, lower back
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my/o, myos/o, muscul/o
muscle
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myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
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pelv/i, pelv/o
pelvis, pelvic cavity
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synovi/o
synovial joint or fluid
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ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon
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vertebr/o, spondyl/o
vertebra
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sym-, syn-
together, with
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-centesis
puncture to aspirate
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-clasia, -clasis, -clast
to break
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-desis
surgical fixation, binding
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-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
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-
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-plasty
surgical repair, reconstruction
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-
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-trophy
development, nourishment
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Carpal
pertaining to the carpal bones
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Costovertebral
pertaining to the ribs and thoracic vertebrea
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Cranial
pertaining to the skull
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Femoral
pertaining to the femur
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Humeral
pertaining to the humerus
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Iliofemoral
pertaining to the ilium and femur
-
Intercostal
pertaining to the area between the ribs
-
Intervertebral
pertaining to the area between the vertebrae
-
Intracranial
pertaining to the area within the skull
-
Ischiofemoral
pertaining to the ischium and femur
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Lumbar
pertaining to the lower back
-
Lumbocostal
pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and ribs
-
Lumbosacral
pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and sacrum
-
Osseous
pertaining to bone
-
Pelvic
pertaining to the pelvis or pelvic cavity
-
Sacral
pertaining to the sacrum
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Sacrovertebral
pertaining to the sacrum and the vertebrae above
-
Sternoclavicular
pertaining to the sternum and clavicle
-
Sternoid
resembling the sternum
-
Subcostal
pertaining to the area below a rib or the ribs
-
Submandibular
pertaining to the area below the mandible
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Submaxillary
pertaining to the area below the maxilla
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Subscapular
pertaining to the area below the scapula
-
Substernal
pertaining to the area below the sternum
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Suprapatellar
pertaining to the area above the patella
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Suprascapular
pertaining to the area above the scapula
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Synovial
pertaining to, containing, or consisting of synovial fluid
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Ankylosing spondylitis
arthritis of the spine
-
Ankylosis
abnormal condition of stiffening or fixation of a joint
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Arthralgia
condition of pain in a joint
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Arthritis
inflammation of a joint
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Arthrochondritis
inflammation of an articular cartilage
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Atrophy
a wasting of tissue or an organ
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Bradykinesia
condition of decreased movement
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Bunion
swelling at metatarsophalaneal joint caused by inflammatory bursa
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Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
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Bursolith
a calculus (stone) formed in a bursa
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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
nerve entrapment syndrome in the wrist, causing pain
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Carpoptosis, wrist-drop
paralysis of wrist and finger muscles
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Chondromalacia
softening of a cartliage
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Cranioschisis
congenital incomplete closure of the skull
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Curvature of the spine
abnormal curving of the spine in one or more directions
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Kyphosis
abnormal forward curvature; humpback
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Lordosis
abnormal backward curvature
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Scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature
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Dyskinesia
difficulty performing voluntary movements
-
Dystrophy
abnormal development or growth of a tissue or organ often resulting from nutritional deficiency
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Exostosis
bony projection that develops from cartilage
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Fibromyalgia
condition of chronic aching and stiffness of muscles and soft tissues of unknown causes
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Fracture (fx)
a break in a bone or cartilage
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Gout
metabolic disorder involving painful deposits of crystals in connective tissue and articular cartilage
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Herniated disk (or disc)
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk
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Hyperkinesia
condition of excessive muscular movements
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Hypertrophy
increased development of a part or organ not caused by a tumor
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Maxillitis
inflammation of the maxilla
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Meniscitis
inflammation of a meniscus
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Muscular dystrophy (MD)
hereditary condition causing progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles
-
Myalagia
condition of muscular pain
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Myasthenia gravis (MG)
condition of neuromusclular disorder causing weakness and fatigue of voluntary muscles
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Myositis
inflammation of a muscle
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Osteitis
inflammation of a bone
-
Osteoarthritis (OA)
arthritis involving erosion and inflammation of articular cartilage
-
Osteochondritis
inflammation of a bone and its articular cartilage
-
Osteomalacia
condition of softening of bones
-
Osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone marrow
-
Osteonecrosis
condition or process of bone tissue death
-
Osteoporosis
age-related disorder of decreased bone mass and weakening
-
Polymyositis
inflammation of multiple voluntary muscles
-
Rachischisis
embryologic failure of vertebral arches to fuse
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
disease causing progressive destructive changes and inflammation in multiple joints, especially in the hands and feet
-
Rickets
disease caused by vitamin D deficiency, involving skeletal deformities and muscular weakness
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Spondylarthritis
inflammation of intervertebral articulations
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Sprain
injury of a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive forces on a joint
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Strain
injury of a muscle caused by overuse or improper use
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Tendonitis, tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
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Tenodynia
condition of pain in a tendon
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Tenosynovitis
inflammation of a tendon and its sheath
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Creatine kinase (CK)
test for the presence of the enzyme creatine kinase in the blood that may indicate conditions that can cause muscle weakness or pain
-
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
time measurement of red blood cells settling in a test tube over 1 hour; used to assess for inflammatory or necrotic conditions
-
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
blood test used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis
-
Synovial fluid analysis
test for the presence of crystals caused by some conditions, such as arthritis, and also signs of joint infection
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Uric acid
test for elevated presence of uric acid in the blood, indicating gout
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Arthrography
x-ray imaging of a joint using a contrast agent
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Arthroscopy
endoscopic examination of the interior of a joint
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Bone densitiometry
x-ray technique for determining density of bone
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Bone scan
nuclear medicine imagining of bone to diagnose bone disorders
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Computed tomography (CT)
x-ray technique producing computer-generated cross-sectional images; used to evaluate disorders of and injuries to the musculoskeletal system
-
Electromyogram (EMG)
diagnostic test producing graphic record of electric currents associated with muscular action
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Magnetic resonance imagining (MRI)
imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; often used for diagnosing joint disorders
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Radiography
examination of any part of the body by x-ray
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Range of motion (ROM) testing
measurement of the amount of movement allowed in a joint
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Arthrocentesis
needle puncture to remove fluid from a joint
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Arhtroclasia
surgical breaking of adhesions in ankylosis
-
Arthrodesis
surgical artificial stiffening of a joint
-
Arhtroplasty
surgical restoration of a joint function or creation of an artificial joint (such as a total hip or knee replacement)
-
Bursectomy
excision of a bursa
-
Carpectomy
excision of part or all of the carpal bones
-
Chondrectomy
excision of cartilage
-
Chondroplasty
surgical repair of cartilage
-
Costectomy
excision of a rib
-
Cranioplasty
surgical repair of the skull
-
Craniotomy
surgical repair of the skull
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Diskectomy
excision of part or all of an intervertebral disk
-
Laminectomy
excision of a vertebral lamina
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Laminotomy, rachiotomy
enlargement of the interverteral foramen by excision of a portion of the lamina
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Maillotomy
surgical resection of the maxilla
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Meniscetomy
excision of a meniscus, usually from the knee joint
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Myoplasty
surgical repair of muscular tissue
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Myorrhaphy
suture of a muscle
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Open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF)
surgical repair of a fracture by making an incision into the skin and muscle at the site of the fracture, manually moving the bones into alignment, and fixing the bones in place with surgical wires, screws, pins, rods, or plates
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Ostectomy
excision of bone tissue
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Osteoclasis
intentional fracture of a bone to correct deformity
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Osteoclast
surgical instrument used to fracture a bone to correct a deformity
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Patellectomy
excision of the patella
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Phalangectomy
excision of one or more phalanges of the hand or foot
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Reduction
manipulative or surgical procedure to restore a part to its normal position, such as by reducing a fracture (putting bone ends back in place)
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Spondylosyndesis
surgical procedure to create ankylosis between two or more vertebrae; also called spinal fusion
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Synovectomy
excision of part or all of a joint's synovial membrane
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Tarsectomy
excision of part or all of the tarsal bones
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Tenorrhaphy
suture of the divided ends of a tendon
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Traction
a pulling force exerted on a limb or other part of the body to maintain a desired position for healing
-
Orthosis
external orthopedic device, such as a brace or splint
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Prosthesis
fabricated substitute for a damaged or missing part of the body
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Analgesic
a drug that relieves pain without producing anesthesia
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Corticosteroid
a drug that reduces inflammation around joints
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
drug with anti-inflammatory action (and usually analgesic and antipyretic effects as well); used to treat joint and muscle conditions
-
Skeletal muscle relaxant
a drug that relaxes skeletal muscle spasms and spasticity
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Chiropractic
health care discipline involving physical manipulation of musculoskeletal structures
-
Chiropractor
one who specializes in chiropractic
-
Orthopedics, orthopaedics
medical specialty focusing on diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system
-
Orthotics
the science of making and fitting orthopedic devices
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Orthopedist, orthopaedist
physician who specializes in orthopedics
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Orthotist
one who makes and fits orthopedic appliances
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Osteopathy
school of medicine emphasizing manipulative measures in addition to techniques of conventional medicine
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Podiatry
medical specialty focusing on diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the foot
-
Podiatrist
physician who specializes in podiatry
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Rheumatology
medical specialty focusing on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of joint conditions
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Rheumatologist
physician who specializes in rheumatology
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C1 to C7
cervical vertebrae 1 to 7
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-
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CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
-
-
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
-
-
L1 to L5
lumbar vertebrae 1 to 5
-
-
-
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
-
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
-
-
ORIF
open reduction, internal fixation
-
-
-
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T1 to T12
thoracic vertebrae 1 to 12
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