The flashcards below were created by user
BondTaylor009
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
Where does Glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol
-
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
-
Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?
The cytosol
-
What are the three phases of Glycolysis?
- 1. Energy Investment
- 2. Cleavage
- 3. Energy Liberation
-
How are the individual processes connected ( glycolysis,breakdown of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, oxidative)?
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, that goes into the breakdown of pyruvate that produces two acetyl that then go into the citric acid cycle that ten produces FADH that goes into the oxidative station.
-
What is the net gain of ATP from Glycolysis?
2ATP
-
What is the net gain of ATP from the breakdown of pyruvate?
0ATP
-
What is the net gain of ATP from the citric acid cycle?
1ATP
-
what is the net gain of ATP from oxidative phosphorylation?
30-34ATP
-
What is Chemiosmosis?
synthase of ATP as a result of pushing H+ across a membrane
-
What is Fermentation?
The breakdown of organic molecules without net oxidation
-
What are the similarities between the cyclic and non-cyclic?
The both capture energy in the form of ATP, and both require the PS1
-
What are the differences between the cyclic and non-cyclic?
Non electron source is water, oxygen is released and the terminal acceptor is NADP+ unlike the cyclic flow.
-
How are light and dark reactions related?
The both convert carbon dioxide into energy and glucose.
-
How are climate changes affecting plants?
Drier climates and hotter temps prevent plants from preforming photosynthesis
-
What is the relationship between wavelength and the energy state of photons?
As wavelength increases, energy of photons decrease.
-
Why do cells need signals?
- To respond to their changing environment
- To communicate with each other
-
Define Direct intercellular signaling
Occurs side by side and between gap junctions
-
Define Contact Dependent Signaling
Occurs side by side and binds to receptors
-
Define Autocrine Signaling
Signaling affect themselves and others (hormones)
-
Define Paracrine Signaling
Signals only affect receptors not themselves
-
Define Endocrine Signaling
Signals travel long distances that affect target cells
-
Define Receptor Activation
Signaling molecule binds to the receptor
-
Define Signal Transduction
receptor stimulates a sequence of changes – a signal transduction pathway
-
Define Cellular Response
- 1. Enzyme activity
- 2.Change of structural Proteins
- 3.Change gene expression
-
What is a Ligand?
A signaling molecule with high specificity that changes the receptor structure
-
Define an Enzyme Linked Receptor
- Extracellular domain binds signal
- Intracellular domain becomes functional catalyst
- Most are protein kinases
-
Define G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
- Found in eukaryotes
- 7 transmembrane segments
- Activated receptor binds to the G protein
-
Define Ligand Gated ion channels
- In plant an animals
- cause ion channels open and ions flow through (tunnel)
-
What makes up the EMC (Extracellular Matrix)
Proteins (fibrous) and polysaccharides (gel-like matrix)
-
What are the primary and secondary walls of plants made of?
Cellulose
-
Define Anchoring Junctions
Cell junctions that hold adjacent cells together or attach the EMC.Mechanically Strong
-
Define Tight Junctions
Junctions between adjacent cells in a layer that prevent leakage
-
Define Gap Junctions
Collection of channels that permit the direct exchange of ions
-
Define them Middle Lamella
Polysaccharide that cements together the cell walls
-
Define Plasmodesmata
Passageways that can open or close when permitted
-
Adherins Junctions and Desmosomes are ____-_____?
Cell to cell junctions
-
Hemidesmosomes and Focal adhesions are _____ to _____?
Cell to EMC Junctions
-
Where does Transcription occur?
the nucleus
-
where does translation occur?
in the cytosol
-
What is a gene?
an organized sequence of DNA sequences
-
what does a splicesome do?
removes introns
-
Define capping:
A guanosine is attached to 5’ end of pre-mRNA
-
Define a Poly-A Tail:
100-200 adenine nucleotides added to 3’ end
-
What is Transcription
Produces an RNA copy of the DNA (template) strand
-
What is Translation?
mRNA is used to make polypeptides, which ultimately become proteins
-
What is the start codon?
Methionine- AUG
-
What are the stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
-
What are the three sections in the ribosome?
- A-site-> aminoacyl site
- P-site->peptidyl site
- E-site-> exit site
-
where does the first tRNA dock?
P-site
-
Describe the initiation stage of Translation
tRNA binds to the start codon in the mRNA
-
Describe the elongation stage of translation
Movement or translocation of the ribosome toward the 3’ end of the mRNA by one codon Shifts tRNAs at the P and A sites to the E and P sites
-
Describe the termination stage of translation
- 1.Release factor binds to stop codon at A site
- 2.Bond between polypeptide and tRNA is hydrolyzed to release
- polypeptide
- 3.Ribosomal subunits and release factors dissociate
|
|