chem exam 4

_____- solid portion of earth; man only accesses surface

naturally occurring solid inorganic
compound

      -
most metals exist in this form

economically useful source of a metal (usually oxides, sulfides, carbonates)

waste portion of ore

science and technology of extracting and preparing them for use

1.  mining

2. concentrating ores

3. reducing metal

4. refining (purifying)

5. alloying – metallic material containing 2 or more elements (steel, brass, etc)

metallic material containing 2 or more elements (steel, brass, etc)

d- and f- orbitals

-       size - Lanthanide contraction

-       magnetic properties

all electons paired

one or more unpaired electrons

unpaired electrons interact with neighboring atoms

-       multiple oxidation states

-       form colored compounds

-       conductivity (electrical and thermal)

-       flexibility - malleable and ductile

delocalization of electrons (electron sea model)

band model (from mo theory)

contain central metal atom or ion surrounded by ligands

electron pair donating species

one donor atom

two donor atoms

more than 1 donor atom (form chelate complexes)

number of atoms directly bonded to the metal

related to coordination number; usually linear, square planar, tetrahedral, or octahefral

same chemical formula, different arrangement of atoms

different bonds

different bonding atoms

different cpd

same bonds, different spatial arrangement

cis and trans.

enantiomers

ring structures formed by boding of polydentate ligands to a metal. 
example: myoglobin, hemoglobin, chlorophyll, metalloenzymes

systematic study of the elements and their compounds

_____ elements differ in properties due to size; form max of 8 electrons on central atom and form multiple bonds better

___________________:
O → 49.2%

Si --> 25.7%   (silicates)
Al --> 7.00%
Fe --> 4.71%
Ca --> 3.39%
Na --> 2.63%
K ----> 2.40%
Mg --> 1.93%

most abundant elements in living organisms:

most abundant element in universe; 
3 isotopes (¹H, ²H, ³H)

chemistry of _____:
lost electron (H+)
gain electron (H-)
share electron (covalent bond)