-
_____- solid portion of earth; man only accesses surface
lithosphere
-
naturally occurring solid inorganic
compound
-
most metals exist in this form
mineral
-
economically useful source of a metal (usually oxides, sulfides, carbonates)
ore
-
waste portion of ore
gangue
-
science and technology of extracting and preparing them for use
1. mining
2. concentrating ores
3. reducing metal
4. refining (purifying)
5. alloying – metallic material containing 2 or more elements (steel, brass, etc)
metallurgy
-
metallic material containing 2 or more elements (steel, brass, etc)
alloying
-
d- and f- orbitals
- size - Lanthanide contraction
- magnetic properties
transition metals
-
all electons paired
diamagnetism
-
one or more unpaired electrons
paramagnetism
-
unpaired electrons interact with neighboring atoms
ferromagnetism
-
- multiple oxidation states
- form colored compounds
- conductivity (electrical and thermal)
- flexibility - malleable and ductile
general properties
-
delocalization of electrons (electron sea model)
band model (from mo theory)
metallic bonding
-
contain central metal atom or ion surrounded by ligands
coordination compounds
-
electron pair donating species
ligands
-
one donor atom
monodentate
-
two donor atoms
bidentate
-
more than 1 donor atom (form chelate complexes)
polydentate
-
number of atoms directly bonded to the metal
coordination number
-
related to coordination number; usually linear, square planar, tetrahedral, or octahefral
geometries
-
same chemical formula, different arrangement of atoms
isomers
-
different bonds
structural isomers
-
different bonding atoms
linkage isomers
-
different cpd
coordination isomers
-
same bonds, different spatial arrangement
stereoisomers
-
cis and trans.
geometric isomers
-
enantiomers
optical isomers
-
ring structures formed by boding of polydentate ligands to a metal.
example: myoglobin, hemoglobin, chlorophyll, metalloenzymes
biological importance of chelates
-
systematic study of the elements and their compounds
descriptive chemistry
-
_____ elements differ in properties due to size; form max of 8 electrons on central atom and form multiple bonds better
1st row
-
___________________:
O → 49.2%
Si --> 25.7% (silicates)
Al --> 7.00%
Fe --> 4.71%
Ca --> 3.39%
Na --> 2.63%
K ----> 2.40%
Mg --> 1.93%
relative abundance in earth's crust
-
most abundant elements in living organisms:
C, H, O, N
-
most abundant element in universe;
3 isotopes (1H, 2H, 3H)
hydrogen
-
chemistry of _____:
lost electron (H+)
gain electron (H-)
share electron (covalent bond)
hydrogen
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