Cestode

They are tapeworms which live attached to the mucosa of the small intestine.

*Absorb protein & carbs to reproduce

• Scolex is organ of attachment
• Proglottids is attached to scolex
• Stobila is the chain of proglottids

• Human eats under-cooked fish
• scolex, proglottis, & adults harbor in small intestine.
• human passes unembronated egg
• embryonated eggs infect crustacean which
• then infect fish.

Definitive:humans, dogs, foxes, cats, seals, etc. that might eat fish

Intermediate: copepod(crustacean), fish, pike or salmon are common

Europe, Russia,Israel,US in heavy fish eating regions. ie. Great Lakes Region

sparganosis (larval infection), anemia (B12), obstruction, diarrhea, abd pain

Eggs or proglottids in stool

• 1) Animal (Beef/Pork) eat infected vegetation
• 2) Oncospheres hatch & invade intestinal wall then migrated to striated muscles. 
• 3) Develop into cysticerci.
• 4) Humans eat undercooked meat.
• In 2 mos time, cysticerus mature to adult tapeworm.
• 5) Adults attache to small intestine & produce proglottids.
• 6) Proglottids leave via stool with eggs.

*In Solium: if eggs ingested, oncosphere hatch and move to muscle of man instead of pig.

Worldwide - rare in US

Disease: Taeniasis

Few symptoms: discomfort, proglottids crawling out of anus

• Scolex: 4 Suckers, NO hooks
• Proglottids: 15-20 lateral uterine branches

Egg: 35-45um with Radial striations

Worldwide - rare in US

Disease: Taeniasis or cysticercosis

cysticercosis must be surgically removed

Cow - beef

Pig - pork

• Scolex: 4 Suckers with a central crown of HOOKS. 
• Proglottids: 7-13 uterine branches (usually 9)

Egg: Identical to T. saginata

Eggs are identical - treatment same for both. 

• Count uterine branches
• Solium has hooks too.

dwarf tapeworm

• Worldwide - common in children
• Spread person to person via eggs

• Autoinfection possible
• hymenolepis - can by asymptomatic, symptoms may include headache dizziness, abd pain, diarrhea.

• Worm: up to 40mm long
• Scolex: 4 small suckers & short rostellum with hooks.

Egg - Round to oval, thin wall 30-45um

Recovery of characteristic eggs in stool.

Adult rarely found

Recovery of eggs. adult rarely found

Worm: adult 20-60cm long

• Eggs are similar to those of H. nana
• *little more round thought* (my thoughts.)

World wide

• Dogs & cats are host.
• Humans (usually young children) accidental host via eating fleas.

indigestion, abd discomfort, eosinophilia

Recovery of egg packets or proglottids.

• O&P may not be useful if proglottids are not seen. 
• *Gravid segments are small, white, & motile & sometimes mistaken for pinworms.

• Adult worm in dogs intesting
• Proglottids & eggs passed
• Eggs ingested by intermediate host (man)
• Hatch in duodenum, oncospheres penetrate intestine & moves into bloodstream
• Various organs affected.
• cysts contain protoscolices or hydatid sand

• Echinococcosis,, hydatid cyst disease -
• Cyst location determines severity
• Liver 65%
• lungs 20%
• brain 1% or kidney 3% or peritoneal 7%

Dx. Abd mass, EITB, pathology (examination of cyst fluid)

Treatment: Surgery, removal of cysts. 

If rupture, anaphylactic reactions may occur!