Canine Feline Final Review - Part II

What is the major cause of non-trauma-related morbidity and mortality in domestic cats world-wide?
What is the estimated number of cats in the US?
What is the estimated number of cats world-wide?

Feline Retrovirus Infections - Two ____ strands – in _________ of lipid surrounds the 2 strands of ____. 
This “retrovirus” is a “________” by transcription its genetic message on a DNA copy in reverse sequence.

List the 3 subfamilies that Retroviruses are divided into and give an example of a virus that falls into the subfamily.
Which subfamily are cats are susceptible to infections?

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a Retrovirus. (________) associated with an immunodeficiency disease in domestic cats. What is the etiology?
What is the scientific name & Nickname?
It shares many properties characteristic with what other lentivirus?

A virus may infect the cat without producing the symptoms of FIV infection. What are 2 possibilities that can occur?

What are 6 Symptoms of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)?

Any virus will cause a _______ in WBCs. Any bacterial infection will cause an _______ leukocytosis in WBCs.
What is the normal WBC count for a cat?

FIV is common _______, and its prevalence varies among geographic locations. Across the US the seroprevalence of FIV in cats is at high risk of exposure and in clinically ill cat’s it ranges from apx __% to __% with few apparent regional differences
Evidence from retrospective sero-surveys suggest that FIV had been present in the domestic feline population since at least ____.

FIV infection progresses through what 3 stages,
(similar to HIV-1 in people)?

What are some symptoms of the Acute phase of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

How long can the Clinically Healthy period of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) last?

What are the symptoms of the Terminal stage of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)?
What causes death?

At what stage is the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) identified as the Disease?

What is the primary means of transmission for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)?
What is a secondary mode of transmission?

Experimentally there are over __% transmission in utero and post parturition via milk from Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

When and by whom was FIV was discovered in the United States?  
FIV is an immune suppressing virus related to the ______________.
However the FIV does not affect _____, and the HIV does not affect ______.
FIV is common in the ________ population.

Dr. Alice Wolf studied it in approximately 300 feral cats, all aggies. She found an incidence of __% in adult males and __% in adult females.

Nationwide, of 27,976 cats investigated ___% has antibodies for FIV. ___ were 3 times as likely to be infected with the FIV than ______. Most recent studies indicate that up to 1 in 12 cats in the US test positive for this acquired immunological disease (AIDs) virus. Actual infection rate can be higher in unhealthy cats. This would indicate an increase from __% to ___% in last 5 years.

What is the percentage of cats that test positive for the Feline Leukemia (FeLV) that will also test positive for FIV?
What is the percentage of cats that test positive for FIV that will also test positive for Feline Leukemia (FeLV)?

Which cats are at the highest risk of contracting Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)?
How is FIV transmitted?
Can FIV be spread via water bowls and grooming?

List 6 Similarities of FIV and FeLV

__________ and _____ (most common in general practice) are the screening standards for FIV. The _____ is now the gold standard of conformity tests because it has the advantage of _________________. However, these tests only indicate the presence of _____ - they do not prove that there is an active infection. Note: This is true with antibody-antigen test in __% of test run in veterinary medicine.

The Houston Chronicle announced on _______ that the first vaccine for FIV (cat AIDS) was approved and was available to cat owners as early as the summer of that year.
What was the name of the vaccine and who developed it?
This vaccine is felt to be __% effective in preventing the infection

A current controversy still exists because of testing problems. Current testing for the FIV either in-house or by commercial labs, is based on detection of ________. Cats receive FIV vaccine will build these and will likely result in positive test results. The FIV antibody test cannot distinguish between ________________. Shelter cats with no history are at risk of euthanasia because __________ are often used to diagnose disease at risk.

What are the Three groups of cats are recommended for vaccines?

Feline Leukemia Virus
Family: 
Subfamily:

Feline Leukemia virus (FeLV) was 1st identified in ________ as the suspected etiologic agent of ________ in a group of cats by Dr. W. Jarrett and co-workers when virus particles were seen budding from the membrane of malignant lymphoblast

In 1964 FeLV was considered to be: (3)
In 1964 it was estimated that ____ of all cancer deaths in cats were caused by FeLV

Identified in 1964 as a ______, it produces an enzyme called _______ that permits it to insert copies of its own genetic material into the infected cell. 
After the initial infection, where does the virus replicate?

_______ means cancer of the white blood cells and thus is the first sign of FeLV but not the last.

What is the most common cause of cancer in cats?

On the basis of similarities in nucleotide sequence, it has been determined that FeLV evolved from a virus in an ______.
What was the means of transmission to cats? 
The initial spread of FeLV among cats might have been inhibited by the aired nature of the desert in __________.

What are 2 viruses (antigens) that were originally identified as associated with FeLV?

What subgroup of FeLV do we vaccinate against?
What is the strain?

FeLV is divided into serial subgroups, but only subgroup _____ is infectious and transmitted from cat to cat.
List the other 3 subgroups that are not transmitted from cat to cat under natural circumstances. These subgroups can be generated into FeLV A infected cat by _________.

What is the most common subgroup of FeLV? What is the percentage of positive cats?

FeLV B – co-infection with A in ___%
What are 4 signs/symptoms?

FeLV C is a persistent virus in _______.
These animals are aborted or born with a persistent _________ and usually die.

__________, is not a subgroup of FeLV but is a mutation that arises by combination of the FeLV A genome with cancer associated cellular genes. The only way one can get an infection of FeLV B, C & myc or FSV is recombination of genes with _______.

___________ is a protein antigen that is expressed on the cell membrane of FeLV and FSV induced tumor cells and is believed to be the product of genetic recombination. It has been shown that ________ have some protective activity against the development of FeLV related neoplasia, but these antibodies do not prevent FeLV induced non-neoplastic diseases. FOCMA antigens produced antibodies will help diagnoses the ______ of FeLV infection and slow down FeLV development, FOCMA antibodies do nothing to stop the inevitable progression and disease.

In nature, FeLV has been reported mainly to infect ________. Case reports of FeLV in other felines are few.
FeLV does not appear to be enzootic in wild felids other than _______ in _____ & ______ Some evidence show that other wild felids may be susceptible
As far as prevalence, FeLV infection exists in domestic cats worldwide. The FeLV infection rate of free-roaming cats is similar throughout the world, ranging from __% to __% of healthy cats.

How is FeLV Transmitted Horizontal?
What are the most infective means of transmission?

Transmission FeLV – Vertical transmission from queen to kittens occurs in FeLV viremic cats. Neonatal kittens can be infected ______ or when the queen _______. In addition, isolated FeLV infection of the mammary glands of FeLV negative cats with transmission of FeLV via ____ has been described.
If in utero infection occurs, reproductive failure in the form of fetal reabsorption, abortion and neonatal death is common. Although up to 20% of vertical infected kittens may survive the neonatal period to become persistently infected adults

Pathogenesis of FeLV - The outcome of FeLV infection mainly depends on what factors?

Most likely to be infected with FeLV: 
Neonatal kittens – _________% 
8 week old kittens – _________% 
Adolescent and adult cats less than __%

Primary infection problems with FeLV are with _______ and ________. Development of age related resistance is contributed to increase ____________ of the cat.

Pathogenesis of FeLV is Divided into what Five Stages?

What are Four Possible Outcomes that Can be Anticipated with FeLV Infections?

Primary Viremia with immunity built by host. 
What are 2 symptoms of this outcome?
How long do the Symptoms last?
This first outcome occurs in what percentage of the cases when cats are challenged for the first time?

Viremia #2 or Secondary Viremia is characterized by a persistent infection of what 2 locations?
What is the percentage of Cats infected at the secondary viremia level that will be infected forever?
What are the symptoms?

Describe Outcome 3/Latency of FeLV

Outcome #4/Immune Carrier Most dangerous of the FeLV infections - The FeLV becomes hidden in some of the _______. Although the FeLV is multiplying, it is not able to get out of these cells because the cat is producing ________ against the virus. These cats appear normal in every way. This situation represents on ____%

Transmission of FeLV is through what means?
__________ & __________ are possible in surviving kittens. Anemia/death can occur

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Primary viremia – __%;
Secondary viremia – __%;
Divided between latency period and immune period - __%

What are 2 types of Neoplastic Disease that are associated with FeLV?

The Lymphoma (Lymphosarcoma) form of FeLV neoplasma are classified in what 3 ways?

Non-neoplastic Disease – these presentations are virtually identical to the diseases associated with FIV. List 4 clinical findings

List 3 Prevention and Control measures for FeLV

What are 2 types of vaccinations for FeLV?

What was the 1st Feline Leukemia Vaccine? Who developed the vaccine?
What type of vaccine is it?

What Do You Tell The Client To Prevent Their Cat From Contracting The Disease? The most obvious is to _____________. This however, isn’t always possible or practical. The best solution is to see your veterinarian and have your cat or cats ____________________.

The most frequently occurring type of soft tissue sarcomas is the ___________. The most common vaccines associated with this tumor is the ______ vaccine and _____ vaccines containing adjuvant __________. Incidence ranges from 1 tumor/1,000 vaccines to 1 tumor/10,000 vaccines.
These tumors may occur as soon as 4 months or as long as 2 years after vaccination with ________.

In attenuated vaccines (Modified live), adjuvant is added to enhance the __________ that is necessary in a killed product to provide necessary immunity. This enhancement promotes _________ and results in a fibrosarcoma

What was the 1st Non-adjuvant vaccine?
Give proprietary name, manufacturer and what it contained.

List the Diagnostic Test for
FIV (2)
FeLV (3)

Commercial FeLV test for viral ______ rather than ________ like other routine lab test Because of this the previous vaccine doesn’t
interfere with the ability to detect FeLV infections as in other years

FeFV
Nickname:
Family: 
Subfamily: .
Previously known as:

Although this virus has been isolated from primary cultures of tissue and body secretions in up to ___% of a population of cats, the FeFV infection rate in cat colonies is actually lower than that in the random cat populations.
FeFV has yet to be associated with any disease

Most cats with Feline Foamy Virus (FeFV) Infection are asymptomatic. If they are infected what are one of two forms demonstrated?

How do you Diagnose Feline Foamy Virus (FeFV)?

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
What is another name for this Disease? 
How is it transmitted? 
Clinically when was it first described? 
What is the Family?
What is the Order?

What are the symptoms of Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV) Do we vaccinate for this in cats?
What are the symptoms of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)? Do we vaccinate for this in cats?
What coronavirus is closely related to the FIP virus?

The Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) is a _____ enveloped RNA virus that comes in what two forms?

List the 2 Corona viruses that are associated with the pig and the dog

The coronavirus are large, ______ and positive strained ___ viruses.  
The major viral proteins are divided into what 3 different categories?

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) caused by _______________.
How did SARS come to the US?
What city has the highest incident of upper respiratory Coronavirus/SARS virus in the United States?

Feline Coronaviruses (FCoV) are in group ________ of Coronaviridae?
List 2 other diseases are included in this group?

What are 2 reasons for the increase in the Prevalence of FIP in Recent Years?

List the 4 viruses found in kennel cough.

Research at Cornell University revealed in the journal Emerging Infectious Disease that they discovered how feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) turns into ____________.
A Cornell vet 1st discovered FIPV in ____.
During transformation, FECV mutates and migrates from intestinal cells to the WBCs or macrophages, where it becomes deadly, especially among _______.

How is Feline Coronavirus Spread? 
CoV positive cats can live a very long time if not stressed by environment; however they remain ________ indefinitely for the remainder of their life and thus other cats in the household should be checked to insure they are FCoV negative and then separated from a positive cat forever. If an owner seeks to keep the positive cat, they must be separated and never use a common ________.

What are Two Forms of FIP?
Which is more prevalent among the cat population?
What determines which form of the disease the cat will contract?
What is a constant symptom of both forms?

What are 2 clinical signs of the Effusive (wet) Acute form of FIP?

What are signs of the Non-Effusive Form or Dry Form?

Clinical Signs of the common FIPV
Effusive (Wet) Form: 
Non-effusive (granulomatous) Dry Form:

How do you Diagnose FIP?

There has never been a definite correlation between circulating ________ and protection to FIPV or FECV.

What is the name and manufacturer for the FIP Vaccination? This vaccine provides a significant titer for protection in cats over ______ of age and is safe in ______% of vaccinates

What are 4 Treatments for FIP? 
Dr. Younger used _______ in his pet along with blood transfusions. Why this drug?

Life expectancies of FIP are dependent on

What disease would you refrain from giving vaccinations if the animal tests positive?
Why do you not give the vaccine?

Feline respiratory disease caused by ______ viral agents continues to be a serious problem within the cat population, especially in ___________. Spread by ______ and easily transmitted by multiple cat facilities

List the 3 respiratory viral agents responsible for the majority of viral respiratory infections in cats.
What are 3 others that we can vaccinate for include reovirus, Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) and Feline Leukemia virus

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis - called “______”             
Etiology: 
Family: 
Subfamily: 
______ with ______ envelope

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis - Human Treatment is a ointment for the eyes called _______ that kills FHV-1 applied once to twice a day

Envelope - they are ____ to kill with disinfectants.
Non-envelope - they are ____ to kill

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis 
Enzootic = ____% - Morbidity; __% - Mortality
What members of Felidae family are susceptible?

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVRT) Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1)
What are 2 modes of Transmission:
What is the Incubation period? 
What is the Course of the Disease if uncomplicated?

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVRT) Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1)
What are the Clinical Signs?
What are 2 ways to Diagnose?
Differential includes what 2 diseases?

________ propels many viral particles into the air attached to moisture droplets on which FHV-1 may be transmitted to susceptible cats by _____________. Nursing queens may start to shed the virus at _____ postpartum which coincides with the loss of maternally derived immunity to FVRT

________ is the most common cause of abortion in cats
________ is a common cause of abortion in equine.

In the Combo FeLV & FIV SNAP Test -
Antigen for ____. 
Antibody for ____.

Upper respiratory means from the 
Lower respiratory means from the

________ – sneezing and ocular discharge - bilateral infection always present

___________ – no sneezing but ulcerative stomatitis (mouth ulcers)

You may see mouth ulcers with what 2 diseases?

_________ – ocular discharges not usually bilateral

____________ – bacteria generally thought of in dogs but can be seen in stress related cats. Opportunist type disease that is waiting for a suppressed immune system.

Cause of strangles is horses ______. If I put my needle into the Bithorax triangle and pull out pus most likely your going to culture equine ______________.

Feline Calicivirus Infection
Etiology: 
Family: 
Genus: 
Originally a ______ of the Family ___________

Feline Calicivirus Infection
Epizootiology: 
Morbidity: ___%
Mortality: __% 
Host: 
Transmission: 
Clinical Signs: 
Diagnosis:

Feline Calicivirus (FCV) is a small ____ single stranded ___ virus. It is very resistant. Incidence occurs when large numbers of susceptible _______ kittens are exposed. Virus is seen most often in kittens around ____ of age.

The clinical signs produced by Feline Calicivirus (FCV) vary greatly depending on:

Most practitioners differentiate the type of URI based in the location of the _____ in the cats. Lab confirmation of a diagnosis of FCV can be done by ______. This best performed on swab samples taken from the _________ or from the ____ of fatal cats. Generally the virus will either kill them or they will get better in about _________.

What is the Treatment for Feline Calicivirus (FCV)?
Long term persistence of this titer has been reported following vaccination with an _____. Titers for ______ in 10 isolated cats vaccinated with this type of vaccine demonstrated resistance to exposure.
Feline calicivirus vaccines are only available in combination with the _________ vaccine.

What is the mutation of the Calici virus called? This mutated form starts as a typical upper respiratory proto-type and progresses to an edematous swelling in the _____ or over __________. Next alopecia and dermatitis occurs in the areas that began with the swelling.

Mild clinical signs of VS-Calici occur in about __% of those affected with severe signs including death occurring in about __%. More ______ than _________ will die.

What are 5 Characteristics that have been found with VS-Calici outbreaks?

What is the measures should be taken when dealing with VS-Calici?
How long can the virus can survive?
Is there a vaccine available?

Panleukopenia (Feline Distemper) is an acute, severe, systemic and enteric viral disease of cats characterized by what 7 signs/symptoms?

Until the discovery of ____ as a primary cause of death in cats, Panleukopenia was considered the primary infectious disease causing fatalities in the world.

Feline Panleukopenia
Nickname: 
AKA: 
Etiology: 
Epizootiology:

Feline Panleukopenia
Transmission: 
Pathogenesis:

What are the 3 primary causes of abortion in cats listed in order?

Feline panleukopenia is caused by small serologically homogeneous parvovirus with single stranded ___.
The feline parvo virus is closely related to what 3 viruses?
CPV strand _______ have been isolated from healthy cats and from those with signs of Feline Panleukopenia. In contrast Feline panleukopenia has limited replication in dogs after experimental inoculations.

Like many unenveloped parvos Feline panleukopenia survives disinfection with __% alcohol and various dilutions of Roccal, Betadine, Phenolax and other chlorine compounds. Like other unenveloped parvos the only deactivation that we know works well is _____________.

Panleukopenia (a parvo virus) means a decrease in the number of _______.
Panleukopenia is Feline Parvo from the family ________. This virus effects all species of the families ___________________. The Feline Panleukopenia virus is thought to have mutated from ________ originally and then ________ mutated to _____ in the late 70s.

6 Transmission modes of Panleukopenia

List the Primary modes for transmission:
Feline Rhinotracheitis – 
Feline Calicivirus – 
Feline Panleukopenia –

Feline Panleukopenia causes rapidly dividing cells in what 5 areas?

Feline Panleukopenia - Clinical Disease:
1. Peracute Feline Panleukopenia – mortality = ___%
2. Acute FP – mortality = _______% 3-4 days Classical signs with vomiting and diarrhea
3. Subacute – mortality = __% Mild classical signs of enteritis 
4. Subclinical – no outward signs
5. InUtero – fetal death due to __________.

What are 2 ways to Diagnose Panleukopenia?

What are 6 External Symptoms of Feline Panleukopenia?

List 3 Feline Viral Intestinal (Enteric) Infections

Feline Rotavirus 
Where does the virus attack?
What are the symptoms?
Where is the virus Isolated?

What is the Treatment for enteric viruses like PCV, Rotavirus and Astroviruses?

___________ have been identified as viral pathogens of the intestinal tract in a number of young animals. It attacks the villi of the small intestines, _____________ are the primary symptoms 

What is the treatment for enteric viruses like PCV, Rotavirus and Astroviruses?

Toxoplasmosis
Etiology: 
Definitive host:
How is the parasite passed?

Toxoplasmosis is believed to be the most common parasitic infection worldwide with over ________ people in the US infected with the parasite on record. The CDC for human medicine in Atlanta estimate that over ___% of the human population ____ and older have been infected at one time or other in their lives.

Newly infected cats can pass oocysts in their feces for up to ________. Oocysts can remain infectious for months in the environment.
What are 4 ways that carnivores (cats) and omnivores (dogs and humans) become infected?

What is the primarily means of T. gondii infection in humans? 
What is the only communicable way T. gondii is transmitted directly from human to human?
In animals it is only communicable in ________.

Toxoplasmosis (only in pets) Most infected pets are asymptomatic. If they do appear what are 4 symptoms?

What animals are the most susceptible to Toxoplasmosis?
If diagnosed you should also test for what 3 diseases in cats and 1 in dogs?

___________ are often not conventional diseases as such, but are complications commonly seen in the domestic cat especially in the United States.

____________ Any disease that occurs from the urethra bladder outward
____________ is the term generally used for a stopped up Tom cat
What are the 3 elements of Struvite and which is the primary form?

What are 6 common uroliths that may affect cats?

What urolith is:
the most common in cats today?
common in dachshunds?
most common in dogs?

What percentage of uroliths from cats are composed of either struvite or calcium oxalate Calcium oxalate is composed of what 2 elements? 

Although struvite uroliths have traditionally been considered the most common type to
occur in cats, over the past few years more than 50% of bladder uroliths and more that 90% of kidney uroliths have been composed of ____________.

The most important driving force behind urolith formation is the state of urinary saturation. When a salt is added to a solvent, the salt dissolves until a particular concentration is reached, beyond which no further dissolution is possible. At this point the water (solvent) is saturated with sodium chloride. Additional salt added to the water will crystallize. This is known as ____________.

_________ is a zoonotic fungal infection of the dead, keratinized parts of the skin, including the hair, nails, and stratum corneum.

What is the most common problem of shelter dogs here at Tomball?

What is typically the etiology for dermatophytes in cats?
What are etiologies for dermatophytes in dogs?

How are dermatophytes transmitted? 
Microsporum canis is acquired from infected ______.
T. mentagrophytes is transmitted by ______
M. gypseum from _________.
M. canis is our primary problem here at Tomball College since it can remain infective in hairs and in the environment for up to _____.

What is a typical way to identify the Dermatophyte Lesion? 
What is a less typical sign of lesions in the dog? 
What is are 4 less typical signs of lesions in the cat? 

What are 2 ways to diagnose Dermatophytes?

What are the 4 steps to a DTM fungal culture?

What are 3 Treatments for Dermatophytes?

What are 4 other common drug treatments?

What is the Newest Treatment for dermatophytes? 

________ – coyote, fox, jackal, wolf, dingo
________ – tiger, leopard, lion, cheetah, lynx, ocelot, margay, cougar
________ – raccoon
________ – ferret, mink, otter, skunk, weasel, marten, sable, fisher, badger
________ – bear
________ – hyena 

List the disease that each of the species listed below are susceptible
Canidae: 
Felidae: 
Procyonidae: 
Mustelidae: 
Ursidae: 
Hyaenidae:
All warm blooded animals are susceptible to

_____________ is simply a collection of pus formed within the skin. Most commonly referred to as a ___________(deep and superficial) 

__________ is a superficial pyoderma.
__________ is a deep pyoderma.

List the 2 Most common bacteria in pyodermas of animals

What are the 4 Drugs of choice for the treatment of bacterial pyodermas?

What are 3 Old Common Bacteria
Incriminated in pyodermas?

What are 3 Signs of abscesses?
What are 2 Diagnostic Procedures?
What are 3 Therapies/treatments?

If we see a lot of ___ then we have to make sure we do the sensitivity as their presence indicates that the ab we are using is not working.
Procedure: patient should be off ab for ____ and we should institute ________ since this probably what we are looking for.

Skin fold Dermatitis - A bacterial surface skin infection in dogs with excessive skin folds.
List 5 types of skin fold dermatitis

________ is a superficial bacterial infection of non-haired skin that may be associated with a predisposing disease of other underlying factors such as endoparasitism, poor nutrition, or a dirty environment. Common in young dogs prior to puberty.

___________ is a superficial bacterial infection involving hair follicles and the adjacent epidermis.

Chin Pyoderma - This is not acne. It is a bacterial infection induced by ___________
Nasal Pyoderma - This is not common in dogs and cats, a facial bacterial skin infection that may be secondary to ___________.

___________ is a furunculosis (enterococcus usually) of the feet that is almost always secondary to some underlying factor. Common in d & c.

Dogs and cats with flea allergic dermatitis (miliary dermatitis in cats) exhibit What 5 mutilation type symptoms?

What are 4 common causes of itching?

What are 9 Types of Cutaneous Allergies

___________ is a new name for “ringworm” indicating an infection of the hair shafts and the stratum corneum layer of the dermis of the skin. The fungi are called ________ fungi.
What animals is this commonly seen?

Malasseziasis – caused by ________ is a yeast normally found in low numbers in the
external ear canals, around the mouth, and moist skin areas.
What are the symptoms in dogs and cats?