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Matter
- Matter is...
- made up of particles called atoms
- the arrangement of these particles determines the state of matter, either solid, liquid, or gas.
- Matter can change between states when the temperature or pressure is changed
- phase changes are physical changes, NOT chemical changes.
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Solids...
- Solids...
- in a solid, the particles are in a fixed position relative to one another. They cannot move very much.
- Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume.
- They can vibrate but they stay in the same relative position.
- If the particles are arranged in a regular sequence, a crystal results. Salts are examples of crystals.
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Liquids...
- Liquids...
- have a fixed or definite volume but take the shape of the container they are put in.
- the particles move relative to one another (they flow) but still stay close together.
- the particles can move around each other but not far apart from each other.
- liquids only exist for a limited (small) temperature range. Water is only a liquid between 0 and 100 degrees celcius.
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Gas...
- Gas...
- Gases have no definite shape or volume. They will expand or contract to fill all available space.
- particles in a gas are free to move independently from each other.
- the particles move freely and rapidly, and in no particular direction.
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Phase changes...
- Phase changes...
- a phase change is a physical change
- phase changes require the additional or removal of heat energy to the substance.
- there are four (4) phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
- you must add heat energy to go from a solid to a gas, therefore a gas has more energy than a solid.
- melting is the process of adding heat energy to a substance and going from the solid phase to the liquid phase.
- vaporization is the process of adding heat energy and going from the liquid phase to the gas phase. There are two (2) different types of vaporization:
- Evaporation: takes place at the surface of the liquid ONLY.
- Boiling: takes place throughout the liquid.
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Phase change continued...
- Phase change...
- condensation is the process of removing heat energy from a substance and going from the gas phase to the liquid phase.
- freezing is the process of removing heat energy from a substance and going from the liquid phase to the solid phase.
- sublimation is the process of adding heat energy to a substance and going from the solid phase DIRECTLY to the gas phase without ever becoming a liquid. Dry ice is the most common example of a substance that undergoes sublimation.
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Heat Transfer
There are four (3) types of heat transfer...
radiation
convection
conduction
- Air temperature is usually measured in units called degrees (Celsius .C or Farenheit .F)
- Pure water freezes at degrees Celsius
- Pur water boils at.100 degrees Celsius
- Heat is transfered in three (3) ways...
- radiation
- convection
- conduction
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Heat is trasferred from the sun to the Earth by...
Earth absorbing solar energy
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What causes most of the heating of the troposphere?
The upper movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air form convection currents.
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The total energy of motion in the molecules of a substance is called?
Thermal energy
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What is the average amount of energy of motion in the molecules of substance?
Temperature is the average amount of energy of motion in the molecules of substance.
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Describe a thermometer...
A thermometer is a thin glass tube with a bulb on one end that contains a liquid, usually mercury or colored alcohol.
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What is heat?
Heat is the energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler one.
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What is conduction?
Conduction is the direct trasfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching.
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What is convection?
Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid.
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What are the three phases of matter?
- The three phases of matter are...
- solid
- liquid
- gas
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Gasoline changes from a liquid to a gas.
What is needed to change from phase to phase?
Heat is need to change from phase to phase.
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When matter becomes a solid, what do its molecules do?
When matter becomes a solid its molecules slow down.
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What is the temperature of liquid nitrogen?
The temperature of liquid nitrogen is -196 degrees Celsius.
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What is it called when molecules completely stop moving?
When molecules completely stop moving it is called Absolute Zero.
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How close have scientists come to reaching absolute zero?
Scientists have come to within a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero.
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What gas is put into Coke to make it fizz?
Carbon dioxide gas is put into Coke to make it fizz.
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Does solid have a definite shape and volume? How fast do solid particles move?
Yes, a solid has a definite shape and a definite vollume.
Solid particles cannot move around they are packed together. They do have some thermal energy which allows the particles to vibrate. They are not compressible.
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Does a liquid have a definite shape and volume? How fast do liquid molecules move?
A liquid does not have a definite shape. Liquids assume the shape of their containers. Liquids have a fixed and definite volume.
Liquid particles move around slowly. Liquids are compressible.
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Does gas have a definite shape and volume? How fast do gas particles move around?
Gas has no definite shape and no definite volume.
Gas particles move around very quickly. Gases are compressible.
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What is thermal energy?
Thermal energy is energy that comes from heat.
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How does a substance change phase?
A change in phase always occurs with a change of heat. Heat which is energy, either comes into the material during a change of phase or heat comes out of the material during this change. (Although the heat content of the material changes, the temperature does not.)
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What is sublimation?
Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase.
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What is deposition?
Deposition is the change of state directly from gas to solid (such as the formation of frost in the winter).
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Phase Change
What phase change occurs when a solid changes to a liquid?
When a solid changes to a liquid, MELTING occurs.
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Phase Change
What phase change occurs when liquid changes to a gas?
When liquid changes to a gas, vaporization occurs.
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Phase Change
What phase change occurs when a solid goes directly to a gas?
When a solid goes directly to a gas, sublimation occurs.
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Phase Change
What phase change occurs when a gas changes to a liquid?
When a gas changes to a liquid, condensation occurs.
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Phase Change
What phase change occurs when a liquid changes to a solid?
When a liquid changes to a solid, freezing occurs.
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Describe how the particles and energy change as you go from a solid to a liquid to a gas.
In a solid, the particles are touching, and the only motion allowed to them is vibration. (Particles in a solid are held together by forces which depend on the actual substance... ionic bonds, convalent bonds, metallic bonds, hydrogen bonds).
In a liquid are mainly touching, but some gaps have appeared in the structure. These gaps allow the particles to move. The particles are arranged randomly. They are still touching and are still close together.
In a gas, the particles are entirely free to move around.
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What is temperature?
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the idividual particles of an object.
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What is thermal energy?
Thermal energy is the energy of a substances particles. (Thermal energy comes from heat)
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What is heat?
Heat is a high temperature to a low temperature. (It is the quality of being hot)
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What are three ways in which heat is transferred?
- Heat is transferred through....
- conduction
- convection
- radiation
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What is conduction?
Conduction is the transfer of heat from one molecule to another through a substance.
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What is convection?
Convection is the method of heat transfer within fluids (water). It cannot take place in solids.
An example of convection is a pot of water being heated on the stove top.
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What is a convection current?
A convection current is the continuous movements of water caused by the expansion of the water as its temperature rises.
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What is radiation?
Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space and may be able to penetrate various materials. Light, radio, and microwaves are types of radiation that are called non-ionizing.
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What is the difference between radiation and conduction or convection?
- Conduction is heat transfer between part of the same material or different material which are adjacent to one another.
- Convection is heat transfer from one material to another via a medium, such as air or water.
- Radiation is heat transfer without any medium and through electromagnetic waves such as between Sun and Earth.
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Heat moves from a __________ object to a __________ one.
Heat moves from a warmer object to a cooler object.
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Heat will flow from one substance to another until the two substances _______________.
Heat will flow from one substance to another until the two substances have the same temperature.
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What is a change of state?
A change of state is the physical change of a material (solid, liquid, gas) to another form (solid, liquid, gas)
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How does matter change from one state to another?
Matter changes from one state to another by heating the matter or cooling the matter.
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How does thermal energy produce a change from one state of matter to another?
An increase in thermal energy give particles more kinetic energy, which causes them to vibrate more. As they vibrate more, the volume they take up increases. For example, when ice water is heated up, the molecules spread out, take up greater space, and so the result is liquid (water).
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What is thermal expansion?
Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature.
When a substance is heated, the particles begin moving more and usually maintain a greater distance of separation.
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What is a heat engine?
A heat engine uses energy provided in the form of heat to do work and then exhausts the heat which cannot be used to do work.
- Heat engine examples include:
- heat pump
- refrigerator
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Why is it difficult to measure the volume of a gas?
- It is difficult to measure the volume of a gas because...
- 1. gases have not definite volume (they take on the volume of the container they are in)
- 2. gases are compressable
- 3. gases are invisible
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What two factors affect the volume of a gas?
Pressure and temperature affect the volume of a gas.
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Who was Robert Boyle?
Robert Boyle was an 17th century Irish chemist, physicist, and inventor.
He studied chemistry and combustion.
Boyle's Law stated that the volume of gas varies inversly with pressure.
- If pressure is down, volume is up.
- If pressure is up, volume is down.
We use psi as the units for pressure.
We use mL or m 3 for units of volume.
We use the following formula to calculate Boyle's Law:
Pi x Vi = P2 x V2
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Following are examples of thermal energy increasing/decreasing....
- Thermal Energy increases when:
- ice melts
- the glass of water you left in your bedroom disappears
- Dry ice disappears
- Thermal Energy decreases when:
- Water droplets form on your mirror in the bathroom when you take a shower.
- You make popsicles from apple juice.
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How does temperature affect the volume of a gas?
If temperature rises, substances expand. Decreasing temperatures cause substances to contract.
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Who was Jacques Charles?
Jacque Charles was a french scientist/physicist who studied oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
He developed a law of volume that describes how gases expand when heated.
When temperature goes up, volume goes up. When temperature goes down, volume goes down.
- We use the following formula to calculate Charle's Law:
- Vi / Ti = Vf / Tf
- Vi = initial volume
- Ti = initial absolute temperature
- Vf = final volume
- Tf = final absolute temperatature
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