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Any point where two bones meet
joint
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Study of musculoskeletal movement
Kinesiology
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Four major categories of joints:
- 1. Bony
- 2. Fibrous
- 3. Cartilaginous
- 4. Synovial
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Immovable joint formed when two bones ossify and become one
Bony
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Point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into another:
Fibrous Joint (synarthrosis)
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Three kinds of fibrous joints:
- 1. Sutures
- 2. Gomophoses
- 3. Syndesmoses
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Slightly movable fibrous joint that joins skull bones together, occur nowhere else
Suture
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Joint where teeth attach to their socket
Gomphosis
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Joint at which two bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers
Syndesmosis
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Two bones linked by cartilage is what kind of joint:
Cartilaginous
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Two types of cartilaginous joints
synchondrosis and symphyses
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Joint where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
Synchondrosis
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Joint where two bones are joined by fibrocartilage
Symphysis
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Most familiar type of joint:
Synovial (diarthrosis)
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Joint most common for forming uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions
Synovial
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Freely movable joint
Synovial
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Layer of hyaline cartilage in synovial joints
Articular cartilage
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Slippery lubricant in synovial joint cavities
synovial fluid
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________ _____ is warmed by exercise; where cartilage then swells and provides more effective cushion against compression.
Synovial Fluid
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Crescent shaped pad
Meniscus
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Absorb shock and pressure, guide bones across one another, improve fit between bones, and stabilizes the joint, reducing risk of dislocation
Meniscus
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Collagenous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
tendon
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Collagenous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Ligament
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Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid
bursa
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Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon, enabling tendons to move back and forth freely in tight spaces
Tendon sheaths
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Measures Range of Motion
Goniometer
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The degrees at which joints can move
Range of Motion
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Shoulder joint has _ degrees of freedom:
- -3-
- Multiaxial (passes through three anatomical planes)
- Monaxial (Passes through one anatomical plane)
- Biaxial (Passes through two anatomical planes)
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Monaxial joint, like a door hinge
Hinge Joint
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When one is standing in anatomical position, each joint is said to be in its:
Zero position
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Decreases joint angle
Flexion
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Straightens a joint
Extension
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Extension beyond zero position
Hyperextension
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Movement away from midline of body
Abduction
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Movement towards midpoint in body
Adduction
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Raising a body part vertically
Elevation
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Lowering a body part
Depression
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Anterior movement of a body part
Protraction
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Movement which bone spins on its longitudinal axis
Rotation
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Palm facing forward
Supination
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Palm facing backwards
Pronation
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Bending elbow and turning antebrachium towards stomach
Medial Rotation
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Bending elbow and turning antebrachium outward from stomach
Lateral Rotation
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Tilting head or trunk to the left or right
Lateral Flexion
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Side to side movement of mandible
lateral excursion
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Moving mandible back to zero position
Medial excursion
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Tilts hand towards little finger
Ulnar Flexion
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Tilts hand towards thumb
Radial Flexion
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Moving the thumb to touch any tip of finger on hand
Opposition
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Returning thumb to zero position after touching tips of fingers
Reposition
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Movement where toes are elevated
Dorsiflexion
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movement onto tiptoes
Plantar flexion
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Movement of feet inward towards eachother
Inversion
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Movement of feet away from each other
Eversion
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Articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) (jaw)
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Joint where humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity
Glenohumeral Joint
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(Lip) of fibrocartilage
glenoid labrum
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Four muscles that help stabilize a joint:
- 1. Supraspinatous
- 2. Infraspinatous
- 3. Teres Minor
- 4. Subscapularous
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Where head of femur inserts into the acetabulum:
coxal joint (hip)
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Name of pit at head of femur
Fovea Capitis
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Round ligament that contains an artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur
Ligamentum teres
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Largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body
tibiofemoral joint (knee)
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Ligaments in the knee that cross eachother to form an X
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
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Two extrascapular ligaments that prevent the knee from rotating when joint is extended:
Fibular collateral ligament and the tibial collateral ligament
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Painful overstretching of a tendon or muscle without tissue damage
Strain
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Torn ligament or tendon
Sprain
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Inflammation of bursa
Bursitis
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Displacement of bone
Dislocation
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Hereditary disease (most occurring in men), where uric acid crystals accumulate in joints
Gout
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Joint rheumatism
Arthiritis
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Inflamed tendon sheath
Tendinitis
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Inflammation of joint capsule
Synovitis
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Autoimmune attack against the joint tissues(synovial) (attacking themselves)
Rheumatoid arthritis
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Most common form of arthritis
Osteoarthritis
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Pain and inflammation of a joint
Arthritis
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