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Functions of skeletal system
- ~Framework
- ~Protection of internal organs
- ~Levers for movement
- ~Produce blood cells
- ~Store calcium
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Axial
- Axis - main trunk of the body
- skull, spinal column, ribs, breastbone
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Appendicular
- Appendages -extremities
- shoulder girdle, arms, pelvic girdle, legs
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skull function
protect the brain
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cranium
surrounds the brain
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sutures
areas where cranial bones join together
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sinuses
air spaces in the cranial bones
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foramina
tiny holes in bones that allow passage of nerves and blood vessels
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spinal column functions
protect spinal cord; support head + trunk
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cervical
7 vertebrae found in the neck
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thoracic
12 vertebrae found in the upper back
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lumbar
5 vertebrae found in the lower back
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sacrum and coccyx
tailbone
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intervertebral discs
cartilage found between the vertebrae in the spinal column
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rib cage funtion
protects <3 and lungs
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# of pairs of ribs
- 12 pairs
- connected to the sternum and the vertebrae by cartilage
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true ribs
top 7 pairs - attached individually to the sternum
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false ribs
- bottom 5 pairs
- ~first 3 attach to cartilage of rib #7
- ~bottom 2, known as floating ribs, have no anterior attachment; only dorsal attachment to vertebrae
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xiphoid process
inferior end of sternum
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radius
lateral bone of lower arm
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ulna
medial bone of lower arm
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phalanges
fingers and toes
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ilium
superior end of pelvic girdle
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ischium
inferior end of pelvic girdle
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symphysis pubis
where hip bones form a fixed joint at anterior midline
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foramen
larger holes in bones that allow passage of blood vessels + nerves
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tibia
medial bone of lower leg; shin
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fibula
lateral bone of lower leg
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metatarsals
instep or arch of foot
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cartilage
cushions end of bones at joints
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red marrow
produces red blood cells
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spongy bone
contains red marrow
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medullary canal
cavity in the diaphysis
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compact bone
hard part of the bone
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endosteum
membrane that lines the medullary canal
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periosteum
membrane that covers bone, site of new bone growth
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joints
sires where two or more bones join together
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ligaments
connect bones to bones
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tendons
connect muscles to bones
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fascia
thin but very tough connective tissue that covers every muscle and organ
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diarthrotic joint
freely moveable (ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding)
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amphiarthrotic joint
slightly moveable (vertebrae, symphysis pubis, sacroiliac joints)
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synarthrotic jointss
immovable (cranium)
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osteoarthritis
degeneration/hypertrophy of bone and erosion of the cartilage at a joint
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rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune; inflammation of connective tissues at a joint
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osteoporosis
bones become brittle and weak
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fracture
break or crack in bone
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reduction
process of putting bone back into its proper alignment
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closed reduction
reduction using cast or splint to maintain position til fracture heals
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open reduction
surgical repair of bone; often involves pins, plates, implanted devices
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dislocation
separation of a bone from its normal position at a joint
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sprain
soft tissue injury at a joint
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bone scan
radioactive material is ingested and machine scans body
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joint aspiration
removal of excess fluid from a joint with a needle
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bone marrow biopsy
needle is used to extract small amount of bone marrow for microscopic examination
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arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint using a special instrument that contains a light and a camera
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