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What is Pathology?
scientific study of disease
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What is etiology?
the cause of disease
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What is Pathogenesis?
the manner is which the disease develops
changes caused by disease and the final effects on the body
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Infection?
invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms differs from.. disease
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Disease?
when an infection causes a change from the normal state of health
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Normal Microbiota(flora)?
micro.which colonize the body but do not produce disease under normal circumstances
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Transient Microbiota
those which are present but only temporarily
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What can normal microbiota do?
Normal microbiota can prevent or overgrowth of harmful organisms through competition...
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What is called when normal microbiota can prevent disease or overgrowth of harmful organisms through competition?
microbial antagonism
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What are Bacteriocin?
protein toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacteria
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Symbiosis?
the host and microbiota living together
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If symbiosis benefits and other isnt harmed, then it is called?
commensalism
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Symbiosis, if both benefit it is called?
mutualism
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Symbiosis, if the host is harmed, then it is called?
parasitism
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What are opportunistic pathogens?
organisms which do not normally cause disease but will cause disease if the person is weakened
ex.from previous disease or immunosuppression such as cancer therapy
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How did Kochs Postulates prove the cause of an infectious disease?
- >microorganisms are grown in pure culture
- >Microorganisms are identifed
- >are injected in to a healthy rat
- >the disease reproduced in the rat
- >the microgranisms taken from rat are grown in pure culture
- >identical microogranisms are identified.
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What are subjective changes in body function, pain,malaise, non observable?
symptoms
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What are subjective changes that can be obeserved and measured.. lesions, fever etc.?
signs
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What kind of disease spreads from one host to another? ... gential herpes
communicable disease
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What kind of disease spreads easily from person to person? ..chickenpox
contagious disease
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What kind of disease is not spread from host to host? (ex. opportunistic infections caused by normal flora or disease so as tetanus introduced from outside body)
nondommunicable disease
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What is the fraction on a population that contracts the disease during a particular time period?
incidence
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What is the fraction of a population having the disease at a specified time?
prevalence
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What is a disease incidence that occurs only occasionally?
sporadic
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What is a disease incident that is constantly present in population?
endemic
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What is disease incidence when many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in relatively short time period?
epidemic
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What is incidence where there is a world wide endemic?
pandemic
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Acute?
When a disease develops rapidly but last only a short time (flu)
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Chronic?
When a disease develops more slowly and often is less severe but can be continual or recurrent.
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When a disease is inactive for a time it is called?
latent
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What is another name fo new of changing diseases showing an increase incidence in the recent past or a potential to increase in the near future?
emerging infectious diseases
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What does it mean when it is said the Extent of Host Involvement?
how much of the body is affected
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A systemic (generalized) infection is when?
disease is spread through out the body
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Bacteremia?
presence of bacteria in the blood
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Septicemia
bacteria that multiply in the blood
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When there is a precense of toxins in blooc (tetnus)?
toxemia
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When the is a precense of a virus in the blood?
viremia
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A actute infection that caused the intial illness is called what type of infection?
the primary infection
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Infection that is opportunistic pathogen taking advantage of the weakended defenses due to the primary infections is called?
a secondary infection
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A source of infection can be living or non-living are called? Can also be non-living soil or water (ex. fungi in soil, botulism and tetnus, water: cholera.
reservoirs
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The reservoirs that that transmit from person to person. Carriers some of which do not exhibit symptoms are_?
Humans
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The reserviors that transmitts to human from animals are called?
zoonoses
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The spread of a disease by direct or indirect contact or droplets. (ex.kissing, touching)?
contact transmission
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Indirect contact spread to susceptible host through a non-living object is called?
fomite.. Droplet, vehicle, and vector transmissions are examples.
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What type of infection thats does not show any evidence of being present or incubating at the time of admission to a hospital (5-15%) patients acquire are ?
nosocomial infections
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What are factors of Nosocomial ?
- >microrganims in the hospital
- >weakends state of the host
- >chain of trasmission: used to be mainly gram + now mostly -
- impaired due to primary infection drug, radiation, burn therapy
- >can transfer patient to patient, staff to patient
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reventative prodcedures ex: isolation use of disposable or carefully sterlize equipment before reusing, monitoring precedures to trace causes is called?
control
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situations or factors in the host making the susceptible to certain diseases are
predisposing factors
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Incubation period?
time between infection and apperance of symptoms or signs
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Prodromal Period?
period in some diseases: short period of mild symptoms
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Period of Illness?
overt signs and symptoms, if not overcome patient can die
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Period of Decline?
signs and symptom diminish, may cause seconday infections
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Period of Convalescene?
regains strength and returns to normal state
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Epidemology?
study of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
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Descriptive epidemiology?
collection of data that describes the occurrence of the disease under study
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Analytical epidemiology?
analyzes a particulear disease to determine its probable cause (risk factors)
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experimental epidemiology
makes hypothesis about a particular disease and experiments to test this hypothesis with a group of people
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Requiring reporting of certain disease cases to the state and national level. Used to keep track of the spread of disease is?
case reporting
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central source of epidemiological information in the US , Publishes Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
CSC center for disease control and prevention
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Morbidity?
is indcidence of specific notifiable diseases
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Mortality?
number of deaths from diseases.
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