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How do fungi feed?
Absorption. Fungi are heterotrophic
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T or F: Fungi can make their own food
False. They must absorb their nutrients from their surroundings whether it be living or dead
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What can fungi secrete to help break down complex molecules in it's surroundings to smaller organic compounds that it can easily absorb?
- Hydrolytic Enzymes
- They can also use these enzymes to penetrate cell walls too.
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What are the most common fungal body structures?
Multicellular filaments and single cells (Yeasts)
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What are hyphae?
Networks of tiny filaments within fungi
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Fungal cell walls are strengthened by what?
Chitin
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Fungal hyphae form an interwoven mass called a:
Mycelium. (Kind of like tiny roots)
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Fungi concentrate its energy and resources on what?
Adding hyphal length and thus overall absorptive surface area
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How can fungi technically move into new territory?
By extending their hyphae
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What divides hyphae into cells?
Septa
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Septa generally have pores large enough to:
allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei to flow from cell to cell
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Fungi that lack septa are known as:
Coenocytic Fungi
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The coenocytic condition is the result from:
The repeated division of nuclei without cytokinesis
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Coenocytic fungi generally have how many nuclei?
A fuck ton. Hundreds or thousands
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Specialized hyphae which fungi use to extract nutrients from, or exchange nutrient with, their plant hosts are called what?
Haustoria
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Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots are called:
Mycorrhizae
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How can Mycorrhizal Fungi benefit plants?
By improving the delivery of phosphate ions and other minerals to plants because the vast mycelial networks of fungi are more efficient than the plants roots
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How can plants benefit Mycorrhizal fungi?
By supplying them with organic nutrients such as carbohydrates
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What are the two main types of Mycorrhizal fungi?
- Ectomycorrhizal fungi
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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How do ectomycorrhizal fungi sync with plants?
By forming sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a plant root and by growing into the extracellular space of plant root cortex
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How do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi sync with plants?
By extending branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination (pushing inward)
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Mycorrhizal fungi colonize soil by dispersing haploid cells called:
spores
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Fungal spores in the soil will form what after germination?
New Mycelia
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Fungal sexual reproduction begins with what?
When hyphae from two different mycelia release sexual signaling molecules called pheromones
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What are the sexual signaling molecules released by fungal hyphae called?
Pheromones
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The union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia is known as:
Plasmogamy
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A fungal mycelium that contains two or more haploid nuclei per cell are:
heterokaryon
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A fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent is:
dikaryotic
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The fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents is known as:
karyogamy
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The only diploid stage in most fungi is:
karyogamy
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List the life cycle of sexual reproduction in fungi
- 1. Release of pheromones between two different mycelia
- 2. Plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm)
- 3. Heterokaryotic stage
- 4. Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)
- 5. Zygote (as a result of karyogamy)
- 6. Meoisis forms spores from the zygote
- 7. Spores then germinate into mycelium
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Fungi that reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce haploid spores by mitosis are collectively known as:
Molds
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List the life cycle of asexual reproduction of fungi:
- 1. Mycelium develop into filamentous structures
- 2. Filamentous structures produce spores by mitosis
- 3.Spores germinate into mycelium
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Collectively, fungi lacking sexual reproduction are classified as:
deuteromycetes
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What was the ancestor of fungi?
A single celled, flagellated protist
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The clade of organisms that descended from an ancestor with a posterior flagellum, including animals, fungi and certain protists is known as:
Opisthokonts
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Members of a group of unicellular, amoeboid protists that are more closely related to fungi than they are to any other protist are known as:
nucleariid
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Ancestors of animals and fungi diverged into separate lineages about how many years ago?
1 Billion Years Ago
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The oldest undisputed fossils of fungi are only how many years old?
460 million years
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What are microsporidia?
Unicellular parasites of animals and protists
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How are microsporidia unlike most eukaryotes?
They do not have a conventional mitochondria
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Chytrids belong to the phylum:
Chytridiomycota
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Mainly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that represent an early diverging fungi lineage
Chytrids
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Chytrids have cell walls made of:
Chitin
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Why are chytrids unique fungi?
They have flagellated spores called zoospores
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What are some examples of zygomycetes?
- Fast growing molds
- Parasites or as comensal (neutral) symbionts of animals
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Plasmogamy in zygomycetes produces what?
Zygosporangium
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Karyogamy and meosis in zygomycetes occurs in what structure?
zygosporangium
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What are the five major groups of fungi?
- Zygomycetes
- Ascomycetes
- Chytrids
- Glomeromycetes
- Basidiomycetes
- (ZAC GB)
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Glomeromycetes are an ecologically significant group why?
Because nearly all of them form arbuscular mycorrhizae. The tips of their hyphae branch into tiny treelike arbuscules within roots. 90% of plants have mutualistic partnership with glomeromycetes
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What is the defining feature of ascomycetes?
The production of spores in saclike asci during sexual reproduction.
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Which group of fungi are commonly known as sac fungi?
Ascomycetes
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In ascomycetes, which structures contain the spore forming asci?
ascocarps
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How to ascomycetes reproduce?
Asexually by producing massive numbers of asexual spores called conidia
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Mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi belong to which group of fungi?
Basidiomycetes
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Basidium is latin for:
Little Pedestal
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Where does karyogamy occur in basidiomycetes?
In a cell called a basidium
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The "club fungus" is another word for which group of fungi?
Basidiomycetes
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What is a lichen?
A symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae
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What are soredia?
small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae
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What is the general term for an infection caused by a fungal parasite?
Mycosis
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What is the defining feature of Basidiomycota?
Elaborate fruiting body containing many basidia that produce sexual spores
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What is an endophyte?
A fungus that lives inside a leaf or plant without causing harm to the plant
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