False. They must absorb their nutrients from their surroundings whether it be living or dead
What can fungi secrete to help break down complex molecules in it's surroundings to smaller organic compounds that it can easily absorb?
Hydrolytic Enzymes
They can also use these enzymes to penetrate cell walls too.
What are the most common fungal body structures?
Multicellular filaments and single cells (Yeasts)
What are hyphae?
Networks of tiny filaments within fungi
Fungal cell walls are strengthened by what?
Chitin
Fungal hyphae form an interwoven mass called a:
Mycelium. (Kind of like tiny roots)
Fungi concentrate its energy and resources on what?
Adding hyphal length and thus overall absorptive surface area
How can fungi technically move into new territory?
By extending their hyphae
What divides hyphae into cells?
Septa
Septa generally have pores large enough to:
allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei to flow from cell to cell
Fungi that lack septa are known as:
Coenocytic Fungi
The coenocytic condition is the result from:
The repeated division of nuclei without cytokinesis
Coenocytic fungi generally have how many nuclei?
A fuck ton. Hundreds or thousands
Specialized hyphae which fungi use to extract nutrients from, or exchange nutrient with, their plant hosts are called what?
Haustoria
Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots are called:
Mycorrhizae
How can Mycorrhizal Fungi benefit plants?
By improving the delivery of phosphate ions and other minerals to plants because the vast mycelial networks of fungi are more efficient than the plants roots
How can plants benefit Mycorrhizal fungi?
By supplying them with organic nutrients such as carbohydrates
What are the two main types of Mycorrhizal fungi?
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
How do ectomycorrhizal fungi sync with plants?
By forming sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a plant root and by growing into the extracellular space of plant root cortex
How do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi sync with plants?
By extending branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination (pushing inward)
Mycorrhizal fungi colonize soil by dispersing haploid cells called:
spores
Fungal spores in the soil will form what after germination?
New Mycelia
Fungal sexual reproduction begins with what?
When hyphae from two different mycelia release sexual signaling molecules called pheromones
What are the sexual signaling molecules released by fungal hyphae called?
Pheromones
The union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia is known as:
Plasmogamy
A fungal mycelium that contains two or more haploid nuclei per cell are:
heterokaryon
A fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent is:
dikaryotic
The fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents is known as:
karyogamy
The only diploid stage in most fungi is:
karyogamy
List the life cycle of sexual reproduction in fungi
1. Release of pheromones between two different mycelia
2. Plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm)
3. Heterokaryotic stage
4. Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)
5. Zygote (as a result of karyogamy)
6. Meoisis forms spores from the zygote
7. Spores then germinate into mycelium
Fungi that reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce haploid spores by mitosis are collectively known as:
Molds
List the life cycle of asexual reproduction of fungi:
1. Mycelium develop into filamentous structures
2. Filamentous structures produce spores by mitosis
3.Spores germinate into mycelium
Collectively, fungi lacking sexual reproduction are classified as:
deuteromycetes
What was the ancestor of fungi?
A single celled, flagellated protist
The clade of organisms that descended from an ancestor with a posterior flagellum, including animals, fungi and certain protists is known as:
Opisthokonts
Members of a group of unicellular, amoeboid protists that are more closely related to fungi than they are to any other protist are known as:
nucleariid
Ancestors of animals and fungi diverged into separate lineages about how many years ago?
1 Billion Years Ago
The oldest undisputed fossils of fungi are only how many years old?
460 million years
What are microsporidia?
Unicellular parasites of animals and protists
How are microsporidia unlike most eukaryotes?
They do not have a conventional mitochondria
Chytrids belong to the phylum:
Chytridiomycota
Mainly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that represent an early diverging fungi lineage
Chytrids
Chytrids have cell walls made of:
Chitin
Why are chytrids unique fungi?
They have flagellated spores called zoospores
What are some examples of zygomycetes?
Fast growing molds
Parasites or as comensal (neutral) symbionts of animals
Plasmogamy in zygomycetes produces what?
Zygosporangium
Karyogamy and meosis in zygomycetes occurs in what structure?
zygosporangium
What are the five major groups of fungi?
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Chytrids
Glomeromycetes
Basidiomycetes
(ZAC GB)
Glomeromycetes are an ecologically significant group why?
Because nearly all of them form arbuscular mycorrhizae. The tips of their hyphae branch into tiny treelike arbuscules within roots. 90% of plants have mutualistic partnership with glomeromycetes
What is the defining feature of ascomycetes?
The production of spores in saclike asci during sexual reproduction.
Which group of fungi are commonly known as sac fungi?
Ascomycetes
In ascomycetes, which structures contain the spore forming asci?
ascocarps
How to ascomycetes reproduce?
Asexually by producing massive numbers of asexual spores called conidia
Mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi belong to which group of fungi?
Basidiomycetes
Basidium is latin for:
Little Pedestal
Where does karyogamy occur in basidiomycetes?
In a cell called a basidium
The "club fungus" is another word for which group of fungi?
Basidiomycetes
What is a lichen?
A symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae
What are soredia?
small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae
What is the general term for an infection caused by a fungal parasite?
Mycosis
What is the defining feature of Basidiomycota?
Elaborate fruiting body containing many basidia that produce sexual spores
What is an endophyte?
A fungus that lives inside a leaf or plant without causing harm to the plant
