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Functions of Respiratory System
- gas exchange
- intake O2
- elimination CO2
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Location where air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
**nasal cavity**
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Surfactant (function, what cells produce it)
- type II alveolar cells (secrete)--> alveolar fluid (has)--> surfactant keeps alveoli from collapsing
- and lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid, preventing the collapse of alveoli with each expiration
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Function of the nasal conchae
- increases mucosal surfase area exposed to the air
- enhances air turbulence in the nasal cavity
- heat, filter, moisten air (inhalation)
- (exhalation)- reclaim heat and moisture by precipitate moisture and extract heat from the humidity air flowing over them
- decrease moisture and heat lost through breathing
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Functions of nasal cavity
produces mucus, filters, warms and moistens incoming air, receptors of smell
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The openings to the nostrils are the _________.
**external nares**
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The Valsalva Maneuver (used for)
- childbirth inhalation
- defecation urination
- vomiting coughing
- screaming sneezing
- burping nose blowing
- when abdominal muscles contract with diaphragm and the glottis is closed
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Regions of the pharynx
- regions: 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx
- 1. Nasopharynx- respiration
- 2. Oropharynx & 3. Laryngopharynx- in digestion and respiration (serving as a passageway for both air and food)
- Pharynx (throat) upper respiratory system
- muscular tube lined by mucous membrane
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The Glottis
- opening
- taking a deep breath, closing glottis and forcing air superiorly from lungs against glottis; glottis opens suddenly and a blast of air rushes upward. Can dislodge foreign particles or mucus from lower respiratory tract and propel them superiorly.
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Factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin
- pO2,pCO2, low pH acidity, temperature, Bohr effect and BPG
- pO2- most important factor
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Vocal folds (oxug
**FALSE**
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The cartilage (Adam's apple) that makes up most of the anterior and lateral surface of the larynx is
**thyroid cartilage**
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The cartilage that serves as a base for the larynx is the _________ cartilage.
**cricoid**
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Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds resulting in
**sound**
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Trachea (structure, composed of)
- (windpipe) from the larynx to the primary bronchi
- composed: smooth muscle and rings of cartilage and
- lined: w/ pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- part of the lower respiratory system and conduction zone
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Expiration/ Exhalation/ what process?
**passive process**
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The respiratory membrane
- alveolar-capillary (respiratory) membrane
- gas exchange occurs across the alveolar-capillary membrane
- the greater surface area the more gas can diffuse
- O2 and CO2 gradients diffuse across
- very high partial pressure
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Respiratory Tree
- 2. Bronchioles
- 4. Primary Bronchi
- 1. Secondary Bronchi
- 3. Alveolar Ducts
- 5. Alveoli
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The actual sites of gas exchange withing the lungs
**alveoli sacs**
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Factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin (triggers)
**temperature**
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Air moves into the lungs because-Mechanics of breathing example given on the board
**Inhalation**
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Air moves out of the lungs because- Mechanics of breathing
**Exhalation**
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Henry's Law (def)
Henry's Law states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient (its physical or chemical attraction for water), when the temperature remains constant.
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Dalton's Law states that
each gas in a mixture of gasses exerts its own pressure as if all the other gasses were not present
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Accessory muscles to the breathing
- inspiration muscles used
- sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, and pectoralis minor
- expiration
- internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
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When the diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract what happens
**Inhale up volume/ pressure down**
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Pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) is the first of three basic processes of respiration; it consists of inspiration and expiration. The other two processes are external (pulmonary) respiration and internal (tissue) respiration.
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The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is?
**tissue respiration**
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Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is located where
**hemoglobin/ oxyhemoglobin**
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by what process
**diffusion**
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The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
**carbonic acid**
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Boyle's law state
the volume of the gas varies inversely with pressure, assuming temperature is constant
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The normal rate and depth of breathing (RHYTHM) is established by the ________ center.
**medullary**
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Boyle's Law
- the volume of the gas varies inversely with pressure, assuming temperature is constant
- up pressure/ down volume
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Where would you expect to find ..pressure of carbon dioxide
D. Intercellular
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The Hering-Breuer reflex
Among the modifying factors are cortical influences, the inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex, chemical stimuli such as 02 and CO2 (actually H~) levels, proprioceptors, temperature, pain, and irritation to the respiratory mucosa.
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External respiration
- external pulmonary respiration- exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary blood capillaries
- It results in the conversion of deoxygenated blood coming from the heart to oxygenated blood returning to the heart.
- It depends on partial pressure differences, a large surface area for gas exchange, a small diffusion distance across the alveolar-capillary (respiratory) membrane, an minute volume of respiration.
- O2 and CO2 diffuse from areas of their higher partial pressures to areas of their lower partial pressures.
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The process of internal (tissue) respiration involves (def)
- the exchange of gases between tissue blood capillaries and tissue cells
- It results in the conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood
- At rest only abour 25% of the available oxygen in oxygenated blood actually enters tissue cells. During exercise, more oxygen is released.
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Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported by hemoglobin
**carbominohemoglobin**
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Factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin
- 1. increasing temperature
- 2. blood pH
- 3. blood concentration of CO2
- BPG - a substance formed in RBCs during glycolysis. The greater the level of BPG, the more oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
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The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. THe function of type II is:
type II alveolar cells (secrete)--> alveolar fluid (has)--> surfactant keeps alveoli from collapsingand lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid, preventing the collapse of alveoli with each expiration
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when the diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract
**Inhalation**
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Bohr effect
- in low pH (acidic) O2 splits more readily from hemoglobin
- high pCO2
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Collapse of a lung is known as
**Atelectasis**
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BPG is a substance that
BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate), previously called diphosphoglycerate (DPG), is a substance formed in red blood cells during glycolysis. The greater the level of BPG, the more oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
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Which center(s) is (are) located in the pons?
- pneumotaxic center
- Apneustic
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modified respiratory air movements
**sneezing and coughing**
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Death from carbon monoxide poisoning would be due to
**preference of CO over oxygen**
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Possible causes of hypoxia include (all hypoxias and causes)
- hypoxia refers to oxygen deficiency at the tissue level and is classified as hypoxic, anemic, stagnant, or histotoxic
- 1. Hypoxic hypoxia is caused by a low pO2 in arterial blood (high altitude, airway obstruction, fluid in lungs)
- 2. Anemic Hypoxia there is to little functioning hemoglobin in the blood (hemorrhage, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning)
- 3. Stagnant Hypoxia results from the inability of blood to carry oxygen to tissues fast enough to sustain their needs ( heart failure, circulatory shock)
- 4. Histotoxic hypoxia, the blood delivers adequate oxygen to the tissues, nut the tissues are unable to use it properly (cyanide poisoning)
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Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the: (physical barriers)
add more
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Mechanics of breathing (forced exhalation)
- forced expiration employs contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
- blowing up a balloon
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Put these in order before entrance way
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in order
- 1. parietal pleura
- 2. pleural cavity
- 3. visceral pleura
- 4. lungs
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Factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin
- 1. increased temperature
- 2. low pH levels
- 3. BPG
- 3. pCO2
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which of the following is caused by hypoxic hypoxia?
Hypoxic hypoxia is caused by a low pO2 in arterial blood (high altitude, airway obstruction, fluid in lungs)
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The pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs because
partial pressure
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factors important to hemoglobin saturation
**amount of oxygen available**
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Hemoglobin structure
- heme-pigment
- globin- polypeptide chain
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