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kyleannkelsey
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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The use of bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories and mast cell degranulation inhibitors in the respiratory system usually used to treat what diseases?
Airway disorders: Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nasal allergies (allergic rhinitis)
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Bronchoconstriction can be caused by what normal physiological actions?
Parasympathetic innervation of muscarinic 1 and 3 receptors
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Bronchodilation can be caused by what normal physiological actions?
Adrenal Medulla releases epinephrine into the blood and interacts with B2 adrenergic receptors
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Are airways in humans innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?
No
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Muscarinic cholinergic receptors are agonized or antagonized by atropine?
Antagonized
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Alpha-adrenergic receptors are agonized or antagonized by Phentolamine and Prazosin?
Antagonized
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Beta-adrenergic receptors are agonized or antagonized by Propranolol?
Antagonized
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What are the ways that inhaled materials may cause bronchoconstriction?
Trigger releases of mediators from mast cells, Stimulate afferent receptors to initiate constriction or release Substance P
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What mediates allergen caused mast cell degranulation?
IgE antibodies
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What are the mast cell chemical mediators of anaphylaxis/bronchoconstriction?
Histamine, Tryptase, Prostaglandin D4, Leukotriene C4 and Platelet activating factor
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Mast cell degranulation in the airways promotes what major things to happen?
FEV1 to fall and bronchoconstriction
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Re-exposure to an allergen may cause the synthesis of what by mast and T cells?
Interleukins 4 and 5, Granulocyte Macrophage colony stimulating factor, Tumor Necrosis factor and Tissue growth factor
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Cytokines (like TNF and GM-CSF) produced by T and Mast cells in response to re-exposure to an allergen cause what to happen?
Activate Eosinophils and Neutrophils
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Activation of Eosinophils and Neutrophils by Cytokines, cause them to produce what chemical mediators?
Eosinophil cationic Protein (ECP), Major basic protein (MBP), proteases and platelet activating factor
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Eosinophil cationic Protein (ECP), Major basic protein (MBP), proteases and platelet activating factor produced by activated eosinophils and neutrophils cause what physiological changes?
Edema, Mucus hypersecretion, smooth muscle contraction and increase in bronchial reactivity
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The increase in what mediators is associated with “Late asthmatic Response”?
Eosinophil cationic Protein (ECP), Major basic protein (MBP), proteases and platelet activating factor
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The “late asthmatic response” is associated with a fall in what?
FEV1
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How long does the “late asthmatic response” happen after allergen exposure?
2-8 hours
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What are the three approaches to managing asthma?
Reverse acute bronchospasm, prevent recurrent episodes, and Treat hyper-responsiveness cause by inflammation
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What are the short acting B2 agonists used to reverse acute bronchospasm?
Albuterol, Pirbuterol and Terbutaline/Epinephrine
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Terbutaline/Epinephrine shows a distinct advantage in reversing acute bronchospasm over either component alone (True/False)
False
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What receptors would Terbutaline/Epinephrine interact with?
Interacts with B2, B1, a1 and a2
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What are the adverse effects of Terbutaline/Epinephrine or other B2 agonists?
Arrhythmias, tremors, muscle cramps, metabolic disturbances and loss of effectiveness with chronic use
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Is Ipratropium a first line therapy for acute bronchoconstriction?
No
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What is the MOA of Ipratropium for treatment of bronchospasm?
Muscarinic antagonist
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Ipratropium is usually used alone or in combination?
In combination with B-2 agonists
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What is the MOA for Prednisone, Methylprednisone and Prednisolone?
Anti-inflammatory steroids/Corticosteroids
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What is the most effective available therapy to prevent recurrent episodes of asthma?
Daily prophylactic steroid anti-inflammatories
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What are the daily prophylactic steroid anti-inflammatories used to prevent recurrent asthma?
Beclomethasone, Budesonide, Flunisolide, Fluticasone and Triamcinolone
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What are nasal preparations of Steroid anti-inflammatories used to treat?
Allergic Rhinitis
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