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How does renin affect blood pressure?
stimulates renin angiotensin aldoesterone--> BP elevated through kidney
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How does NE raise blood pressure?
NE increases heart rate-->vasoconstriction--> raise blood pressure
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Hemostasis: Two systems that raise blood pressure
Renin system and administrating norepinephrine
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If blood pressure was too high, what decreases NE?
stimulate alpha 2
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What should be administered when you want to keep your heart rate in a certain range (60-80)?
acetylcholine
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Diagnosis: Glaipizide
lowers blood glucose by releasing insulinused for diabetics, hyperglycemia
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Diagnosis: Phentolamine and Phenoxybenzamine
- used to treat pheochromocytoma (adrenal gland tumor)
- blocks NE and reduces blood pressure
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Prevention: Cefazoin, Cefotoxin
antibiotic or surgical phophylaxiskills anaerobes , used for presurgery
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Treatment: opioid
blocks pain
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Treatment: hydrochlorothiazide
- dieuretic
- used for edematous legs
- blocks resorption of Na in kidneys
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Cure: (reverses the process)
Digoxin/digitalis
- increase force of contraction, decrease time between contractions
- used for CHF, reverse the condition
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Examples of Impure Placebo
ASA, B12, vitamin C
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Two placebos are:
lactose capsule and sodium chloride injection
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Frequent Causes of Failure of Treatment
- failure of compliance
- failure to achieve effective level
- produce toxic effects
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An example for 'failure to achieve effective level' of treatment is:
- cephalosporin (1st generation vs. 3rd generation)
- 1st generation: gram+
- 3rd generation: gram-
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Prodrug
drug that gets activated in the liver
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Active metabolite, Benzodiazephines
break down productcauses sedation, drowsinessyou want the least amount of active metabolites as much as possible
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What gets absorbed in gastric mucosa?
weak acids
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What gets absorbed in intestine mucosa?
weak bases
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Examples of weak acids that get absorbed in the gastric mucosa are:
ASA, Na phenobarbital, aspirin
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Examples of weak bases that get absorbed in the intestinal mucosa are:
Quinidine HCl or sulfate
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To pass membranes (absorption), the drug must be:
unionized, lipid soluble
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To bind to a receptor (distribution), the drug must be:
ionized, water soluble
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if a drug has HCl or sulfate drug, what can we assume the pka of the drug to be and where would it get absorbed?
weak base-->intestines
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if a drug has Na or phenobarbital, what can we assume the pka of the drug to be and where would it get absorbed?
weak acid-->gastric mucosa
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What drug is used as a presynthetic for surgery, a short-acting barbiturate, extremely soluble, and has the most rapid onset of action with the shortest duration of action?
Thiopental
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