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  1. what is ATP involved in? (3)
    -excitatory or inhibitory

    -found both in CNS and PNS

    -pain modulation
  2. what does the adenosine of the ATP do? (2)
    -inhibits 

    • -induces sleep
    • *caffeine blocks this
  3. what is NO involved in?
    -learning and memory

    -strengthening synapse formation when learning
  4. what are excitatory NTs?
    cause action potential on post synaptic neuron
  5. what are inhibitory NTs?
    cause suppression of action potential on post synaptic neuron
  6. what determines the excitation or inhibitory response?
    depends on the receptors that are present at the post synaptic neuron
  7. By which 2 ways can the excitation and inhibition be accmplished?
    -direct

    -indirect
  8. description of receptors with direct
    • -often open ion channels directly after binding of NT
    • **ex of channel-linked receptor
  9. description of receptors with indirect
    use the secondary messengers to open ion channels and also initiate other intracellular effects

    • *ex) g-prtein linked receptor
    • ***usually found in hormones
  10. description of excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP) (2)
    -often located on dendrites

    -often involve sodium
  11. description of inhibitory post synaptic potentials (IPSP)
    -often at the cell body

    • -open chloride channels
    • *hyperpolarizes
  12. what is temporal summation?
    • -multiple impulses sent rapidly to post synaptic neuron
  13. what is spatial summation?
    • several presynaptic neurons send impulses to post synaptic neuron simultaneously
  14. what are the 3 types of circuits?
    -convergent

    -divergent

    -oscillating
  15. what is divergent circuit?
    • amplifying
    • *1 input results in alot of outputs

  16. what is convergent circuit
    • -concentrating
    • *multiple inputs result in single output
  17. what is oscillating?
    • -reverberating
    • *circuits go round and round
    • *sleep and wake cycle
  18. how are higher level mental functions performed?
    by parallel circuits
  19. what are reflex arcs?
    serial sensation pathways that are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli
  20. 6 components to reflex arc
    -stimulus

    -receptr

    -sensory neuron

    -integration center

    -motor neuron

    -effector
  21. in a reflex arc,  what does the receptor do?
    • translates stimulus into AP
    • *must have it in order to perceive it
  22. in a reflex arc, what does sensory neruron do?
    carries AP to CNS
  23. in a reflex arc, what is the integration center?
    • CNS
    • *integrates the info
  24. in a reflex arc, what does motor neuron do?
    carries AP to effector, muscle
  25. in a reflex arc, what does effetor do?
    executes appropriate repsonse
  26. what are the two types of reflexes?
    -visceral

    -somatic
  27. what is visceral reflex involved in?
    glands
  28. what is somatic reflex involved in?
    skeletal msucles
  29. somatic reflex) description of stretch reflex (2)
    -embedded in skeletal muscle

    • -muscle spindles
    • *made up of modified skeletal muscle called intrafusal fibers
  30. in an intrafusal fiber, what occurs in the middle?
    sensory fibers synapse at the non-contractile area
  31. in a intrafusal fiber, what occurs at both ends?
    synapses by gamma motor neurons, this area is contractile area
  32. what occurs if the large skeletal muscle is stretched?
    spindle (intrafusal fibers) also stretch
  33. when the spindle is stretched, what does this prompt the sensory nerve fibers to do?
    fire an AP to the spinal cord
  34. what happens at the spinal cord with the signals coming in from the sensory nerve fibers?
    they synapse with the alpha motor neurons that are outgoing towards the skeletal msucle that was stretched and antagonist
  35. what is the result from the AP heading towards the skeletal msucle that was stretched?
    the stimulated(stretched) skeletal muscle contracts as the antagonist relaxes
  36. what maintains the spindle tension?
    APs from gamma motor neurons
  37. why must the spindle tension be maintained?
    • so that when skeletal muscle is stretched the spindle fiber is stretched enough to irritate the sensory nerves
    • *if they become too loose then no mechanical irritation will occur
  38. what organ is involved with deep tendon relfex?
    golgi tendon organ
  39. what are golgi tendon organ?
    collagen fibers in tendon with sensory nerve endings attched that synapse to the spinal cord
  40. what happens in response to the streth of tendon?
    GTO is stimulated and AP fires off along sensory nerve
  41. does the nerve synapses on both stretched muscles and antagonistic muscle in GTO reflex?
    yes
  42. what does the GTO reflex do?
    • -causes relaxation of stretched muscle and contraction of antagonist
    • ***prevents tearing
  43. what is flexor reflex?
    withdrawal due to painful stimulus
  44. what is the crossed extensor reflex?
    • ipsilateral withdrawal and contralateral extension
    • *so withdrawal of limb and extension of limb
    • **step on sharp thing, quickly withdraw foot and the other will extend to keep uprigth
    • ***postural
  45. what are the 2 superficial relfexes?
    -plantar

    -abdominal
  46. superficial reflexes) what does the plantar test?
    integrity of L4-S2
  47. superficial reflexes) what is normal for plantar?
    downward flexion of toes
  48. superficial reflexes) what is abnormal for plantar?
    • babinski sign
    • *toes will dorsiflex
  49. superficial reflexes) what does the abdominal test?
    T8-T12
  50. superficial reflexes) what is normal abdominal ?
    umbillicus moves to the stimulated side due to abdominal muscle contraction
  51. superficial reflexes) what is abnormal for abdominal?
    if it does not move to the stimulated side

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Author:
 efrain12
ID:
 249354
Filename:
 3.13
Updated:
2013-11-27 16:35:32
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Description:
synapse, circuitry relfexes part 2
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