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dmandrus
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In a carbohydrate how many more H are there than oxygen?
2x
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Plant tisssues typically have _____ carbs while animals have ____ carbs
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Instead of carbs animals store energy as?
Fat
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Why dont we want to use protein for our energy?
Because ti is expensive and carbs are quich and cheap
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Are triose and tetrose carbs important? Where do we find them?
- NO
- usually biological accident
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What are the 3 important pentose carbs?
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Pentose carbs are often used for what?
Structural building blocks
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What is the most important length of carbohydrate in terms of nutrition?
6 carbons or a hexose
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Why did they used to call glucose dextrose?
Cause it was dextro rotary was the first molecule to reflect light tot the right
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2 places we see energy stored as glucose?
Honey and grapes
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What is inulin?
Polymer of fructose
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2 components of lactose?
Galactose and glucose
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Do most animals have enszymes to break down sucrose? What happens if you feed to baby piglets?
- NO
- Just feeding bacteria, can cause cramps and diarhea
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Mammalian enzymes break down?
Alpha bonds
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Bacteria break down?
Beta linkages
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Maltose has what type of bond? What about isomaltose?
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Amyloses structure is? While amylopectin is?
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What type of feeds do we see glycogen in?
Only animal feeds like fish and meat meal
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Do we see glycogen in plant tissues?
No
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Cellulose is a polymer of?
Glucose
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Hemicellulose is a polymer of?
Xylose
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In NDF what is included?
Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
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In ADF what is included?
Cellulose and lignin
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Describe lignin
Phenyl propane mess
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Can anyone break down lignin?
Nope
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3 places in a monogastric we see carb digestion come from?
- Pancreas
- Saliva
- Intestinal brush border
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In the intestine the general rule of thumb is the farther forward the more? and the farther backwards the more?
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What form do sugars have to be in to be absorbed?
D sugars
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3 FA used by ruminants?
- Acetate
- propionate
- butyrate
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3 elements in carbs?
C, H, O
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Are all cabrs highly digestible?
- NO
- it includes starches, sugars and fibrous constituents
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2 forms of animal carbs?
Glycogen and glucose
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In plants the insoluble carbs do what?
Structural componenets
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Where can we find trioses and tetroses?
Intermediaries in TCA cycle etc
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function of ribose? (4)
- Component of genetic material RNA
- Component of ATP
- Componenet of NADH
- component of riboflavin
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Deoxyribose function?
Component of genetic material DNA
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When ribose is bound with adenine what is formed?
adenosine
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What is the function of riboflavin?
- Transfer of electrons in oxidation and reduction reactions
- transformation of folic acid and pyridoxine into active forms
- Conversion of tryptophan to niacin
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3 pentose sugars we discussed?
- Ribose and deoxyribose
- xylose
- Arabinose
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Where do we find xylose?
Hemicellulose
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what is the main function of xylose?
component of anti nutritional factor in rye and wheat called soluble pentosans (along with arabinose)
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Where do we find arabinose?
GUms and pectins
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What industry is arabinose growing in?
Canola crushing industry cause being added back to meal
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What are the 3 main hexoses we discusssed?
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How is glucose commercially produced today?
Hydrolysis of corn starch
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What is the major end product of carb digestion in monogastrics?
Glucose
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4 functions of galactose?
- Part of lactose
- Occurs in galactosides in NS
- Component of galactolipids in plant leaves
- Component of raffinose and stachylose which are principle carbs in soybeans
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What is the sweetest of the natural sugars?
Fructose
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Where is fructose found?
Fruits and honey
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Inulin is a polysaccharide of?
Fructose
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Is aspartame sweet?
200x more than table sugar
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3 main reactants used in synthesis of aspartame are?
- Aspartic acid
- Phenylalanine
- Methanol
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4 main dissacharides we discusssed?
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Lactose
- Cellobiose
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Sucrose is composed of?
Glucose and fructose
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Main places we find sucrose?
Sugar cane and sugar beet
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Maltose is made up of?
2 glucose molecules
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Maltose is often seen as a?
Intermediate in starch and glycogen breakdown
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Maltose is famously used in the production of?
Beer
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Lactose is found?
ONly in milk
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Lactose is made of?
Glucose and galactose
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What is cellobiose?
2 molecules of beta linked glucose
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How is cellobiose related to cellulose? How is it broken down?
- Basic repeating unit of cellulose
- cellulase in microbial fermentation
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What is stachyose? What is it made of?Where is it found? What is it known for?
- It is an oligosaccharide
- 2 galactose 1 glucose and 1 fructose sequentially linked
- Soy beans
- Undigestible, causes flatuence and abdominal discomfort, recent research shows may be probiotic
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What are polysaccharides? Are they water soluble?
- high molecular weight
- hundreds of thousands of sugar molecules
- No
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What is the most important carbs to animal feeding?
Polysaccharides
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Starch is used for what in plants?
To reserve energy
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2 types of starch granules
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Describe amylose
- Soluble in water
- Long unbranched chains of glucose
- 20-30% starch in most plants
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Both amylose and amylopectin use what bond?
Alpha
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Amylopectin differs from amylose via?
- Contains alpha 1,6 branch points
- 70-80% of starch
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What enzyme does amylopectin require for digestions?
alpha 1,6 glucosidase
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Describe gelatinization? Where is it used mostly? For what stage of animal? often used in conjunction with?
- application of moist heat allowing rupture of starch granules
- potatoe starch
- Young animals mostly pigs and chickens
- extruders and expanders
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7 polysaccharides we discussed?
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
- Hemicellulose
- Lignin
- beta glucan
- Soluble pentosans or xylans
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Glycogen structure is similar to?
Amylopectin
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Glycogen side chains are what compared to amylopectin?
Shorter
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Cellulose is found in?
Fiber
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Is cellulose water soluble?
No
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Cellulose structure resembles closely? BUt is different in that?
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hemicellulose is found? compare its degradation to cellulose? As the amount in the diet increases what happens?
- In plant cell walls
- Less resistant to degradation
- Higher percentage intake goes down
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What can you use to calculate hemicellulose?
NDF - ADF
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where do we find lignin?
Fills space in plant cell wall between other structural componwenets
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what happens to lignin as plant matures?
INcreases in amount
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Where do we find beta glucans? Describe them
- Bran of cereal grains such as barley oats rye and wheat
- Linnear unbranched polysaccharides beta 1,3 and 1,4 polysaccharides of glucose units
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Why is the beta 1,3 bond of the beta glucan important?
Increases solubility and allows it to cause viscous digesta and interfere with digestion especially in poultry
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Beta glucans are broken down by?
Beta glucanase
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Where do we find pentosans and xylans? What do they do? broken down by? describe its structure
- Rye and wheat
- cause poor digestion in poultry
- xylanase
- beta linked xylose backbone with arabinose side chains
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3 componenets to carbohydrate use?
- Digestions
- absorption
- metabolism
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Can dissacharides be absorbed in the GI tract?
NO only monosaccharides except in the case of newborns
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3 sources of carbohydrase activity?
- Salivary glands
- Pancreas
- Epitheleal lining of small intestine
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Mammalian enzymes only have the capacity to break down?
alpha linkages
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The prinicple carb fed to monogastric animals is?
Starch
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While the salivary amylase breaks down? Which makes starch go to? It is not very effective because?
- alpha 1 4 linkages
- dextrins, maltose, and glucose
- Short period of residence in mouth
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why is the little to no carb digestion in the stomach?
pH is too low for any carbohydrase activity
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What is the principle site of carb digestion? Principle enzyme? This digestion is a how many step process? What are the steps?
- Small intestine
- Pancreatic amylase
- 2
- breakdown to diassachardies and break down to mono's
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While starch and amylose are broken down to maltose as their dissacharide what is amylopectin broken down to? Will this substance yield a difference in monosaccharides yielded?
- isomaltose + maltose
- no it will still yield 2 glucose when broken down at brush border
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Where is the principle site for dissacharide breakdown
Brush border
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Sucrose breaks down into?
Glucose + fructose
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Which section of the small intestine has the greatest capacity to absorb carbohydrates?
Duodenum and jejunum or more cranial aspects
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Do the stomach and large intestine absorb any carbohydrate?
Nope
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What are the 2 mechanisms of carb absorbtion?
- Passive diffusion
- Active transport (may involve specific carrier protein and definitely involves energy)
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What are 3 factors affecting the ability for carbohydrates to be absorbed?
- D configuration only, L config is not absorbed
- Need a hydroxyl group on C2 in the down position
- Need a methyl or substitute methyl on C5
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What is done with the carbs we break down and absorb?
- Immediate source of energy for ATP or glycolysis
- Glycogen precursor
- Fat synthesis
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Bacteria in rumen allow ruminants to break down?
beta linkages in high forage feedstuffs such as silage
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In ruminants what types of carbs are broken down to glucose in the rumen? What is this glucose used for? How does the ruminant get anything out of this?
- ALL of them litterally everything
- Bacterial growth and proliferation
- Ruminant digests the bacteria
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Ruminant uses what as a primary energy source? It gets this as a byproduct of?>
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What are the 3 VFAs from carb fermentation
- Acetate
- butyrate
- propionate
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What is the most common VFA produced during carb fermentation
Acetate
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Acetate has how many carbons
2
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Acetate is primarily formed through the feeding of which feedstuff comparatively
Roughage
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What happens to acetate in the ruminant (IE where does it go) (2)
- Metabolized through the TCA to produce 24 ATP
- Can be used for fat synthesis (acetyl coa and then malonyl coa)
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Butyrate has how many carbons?
4
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Butyrate is generally at what kind fo proportional levels comapared to other VFAs?
LOwer
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Propionic acid (propionate) is how many carbons?
3
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Levels of propionate increase in animal with what type of feed fed to the animal?
Concentrate
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What is important about propionate?
Can be used to form glucose
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Fermentation of acetate produces how many H? What about butyrate? Propionate?Why can all this H be bad for the animal? What are 2 ways it gets rid of this?
- 8
- 4
- 0
- Lactic acidosis
- Add to unsaturated fatty acids
- Produce methane gas
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What is the most energetically favorable VFA? Why would we want acetate in some situations?
- Propionate
- Presurcor to fat synth so in a dairy situation need milk fat
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In general how does pH effect VFA production
- Lower pH favors propionate
- Higher pH favors acetate
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5 factors effecting relative proportion of VFAs? Use some of these to increase acetate production (4). Do the same with propionate (4)
- Feed intake
- Frequency of feeding
- protportions of starch and fiber
- Size of forage particles
- Presence of rumen modifiers
- Feed more frequently
- increase roughage
- grind more coarsley
- include buffers
- feed less frequently
- increase concentrate
- gind feed finely
- include rumensin
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Name 2 carbohydrate related nutritional disease
- Feedlot bloat
- lactic acidosis
- diabetes
- ketosis
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