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how has the prevalence of cardiovascular disease changed:
list the 4 factors related to the change in prevalence:
deaths from cardiovascular disease declined from 50% in 1970s to 36.3% in 2004
- factors related to decline
- lifestyle changes: nutrition, stopping smoking, exercise
- improved medical techniques & diagnosis
- improved emergency care & treatment
- improved drugs
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the blockage of arteries supplying cardiac tissue is called:
coronary artery disease
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insufficent blood to tissue due to partial blockage of an artery is called:
what is the result of this condition:
- ischema
- most common during physical activity or times of stress
- results in angina pectoris: severe chest pain
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severe of complete blockage, leading to cell death in the heart is called:
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
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progressive narrowing of artery due to plaque is called:
atherosclerosis
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thickening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls is called:
arteriosclerosis
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lack of blood supply to part of the brain, causing brain tissue death is called:
list 2 predisposing factors:
stroke
- predisposing factors
- hypertension
- atherosclerotic damage, leading to a weak spot
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list and describe the 2 types of strokes:
- ischemic
- blockage of vessel
- hemorrhagic
- rupture of a vessel
- cerebral hemorrhage: cerebral artery
- subarachnoid hemorrhage: on the surface of the brain
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an impairment in the ability of the ventricles to contract to the point that cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's oxygen needs is called:
heart failure
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acute heart failure is caused by a heart attack resulting from....
list 2 results:
- toxic substance or drugs: often happens w/ mixing drugs; alochol + herion (a suppresion effect + an excitable effect)
- coronary artery blockage
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list 3 things that chronic heart failure is caused by:
- hypertension
- multiple minor heart attacks
- viral infection
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a chronic high blood pressure at rest, equal to or greater than 140 and 90 mmHg for systolic and diastolic blood pressures is called:
list the 3 increased demands as a result of this:
hypertension
- increased demands
- heart must work harder to pump blood through the boody
- increased oxygen demands of cardiac tissue
- increased strain on arteries & arterioles
- increases risk of heart failure, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, kidney failure
- more common in the overweight & obese
- one in three adults american is hypertensive
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list the BP of the following classifications of hypertension:
normal:
prehypertension:
stage 1 hypertension:
stage 2 hypertension:
- normal: <120/<80
- prehypertension: 120-139/80-89
- stage 1: 140-159/90-99
- stage 2: >160/>100
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list 12 risk factors for hypertension:
- phyiscal inactivity
- overweight & obesity
- heredity, including racial ancestry
- being of male sex
- increaseing age
- sodium sensitivity
- use of tobacco products
- excessive alcohol consumption
- pyschological stress
- diabetes
- use of oral contraceptives
- pregnancy
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list 3 uncontrollable factors of CAD:
list 9 controllable factors of CAD:
- uncontrollable factors
- age
- being of male sex
- heredity
- controllable factors
- smoking tobacco
- blood lipid profile
- hypertension
- obesity & overweight
- diabetes mellitus
- physical inactivity
- psychological stress
- alcohol consumption
- diet & nutrition
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list the risk factors CAD due to blood lipid profile:
total cholesterol:
LDL
HDL:
triglycerides:
- total cholesterol
- little risk: <200
- serious risk: >240
- LDL
- little risk: <130
- serious risk: >160
- if LDL is too high.. to decrease is to diet
- more fat concentration than protein
- HDL
- little risk: >60
- serious risk: <40
- "good HDL"
- High dentisty, more protein than fat
- triglycerides
- little risk: <150
- serious risk: >200
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medical clearance is required for clients with the following conditions:
- severe medical contraindications
- increased risk for cardiovasuclar disease (age, symptoms)
- diagnosis of certain diseases
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medial clearance is useful for:
- obaining information to prescribe appropriate types of exercise
- determining initial health status & progress
- motivating athlete & increasing adherence to exercise program
- early diagnosis of diseases
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a measure of cardiac electrical conductivity, used to determine cardiac rhythm or contraction and relaxation is called:
electrocardiogram (ECG)
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the movement of ions during contraction & relaxation of cardiac tissue is called:
electrical conductivity
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list 2 abnormalities that can be found on an ECG:
- cardiac arrhythmias
- ST segemtn depression: myocardial ischemia (some blockage of blood to the cardiac tissue)
- can indicate CAD
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