RAD-171- RADIOGRAPHIC FILM

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  1. the simplest form of radiographic film consists of what
    a base and an emulsion
  2. what is a covering that is applied to the emulsion
    what is the purpose of this
    • supercoating
    • protects the emulsion from minor scratches and abrasions resulting from the handling of the film
  3. what is the purpose of the base
    provides support for the emulsion and supercoat
  4. what were the material of a base originally
    glass plates (wet and dry)
  5. what dye is used in the film base to reduce eye strain
    blue dye
  6. what are the 4 characteristics of the base
    flexible and tough - to permit easy handling and make good contact with the cassette pressure pads

    stable - so it doesnt change dimensions during heating and immersion in chemicals

    rigid - so it can be placed in a view box

    uniformly lucent - so that it permits the transmission of light without adding artifacts to the diagnostic image
  7. what does emulsion contain
    contains silver halide crystals that will make the radiographic image
  8. what is the crystal construction chemical reaction formula
    what happens to potassium nitrate
    • AgNO3 + KBr - AgBr + KNO3
    • gets wasted and thrown away
  9. what is the chemical formula for silver halide crystals
    AgBr (silver bromide precipitate)
  10. what is the structure of the emulsion
    what is the purpose of the adhesive
    • crystal lattice structure
    • sensitivity specks

    glues the emulsion to the base and prevents bubbles and other distortion when the film is bent during the processing or handling or when it is we and heated during development
  11. in the emulsion the halide crystals are suspended in what
    gelatin
  12. in the manufacturing of a film explain the crystal production
    it is accomplished in total darkness by combining silver nitrate and potassium bromide in the presence of gelatin
  13. what is the shape of silver halides
    a cubic millimeter contains how many halides
    what is the impurity added to silver halide and forms what
    • triangular and flat
    • over half a billion
    • gold silver sulfide forms sensitivity speck
  14. what is ripening stage when processing a film
    the size of the crystal determines what
    the longer the ripening period ______
    after emulsion is shredded and washed what is removed
    • period in which crystals are allowed to grow
    • total photosensitivity
    • the larger the crystal or grains and the more sensitive the emulsion
    • potassium nitrate
  15. what crystal is used to get a better detail  and which has less detail
    • small crystal much slower and more radiation
    • big crystal faster more sensitive to light less radiation
  16. what stage follows the ripening stage (explain it)
    what substances are mixed in with the emulsion
    • mixing stage
    • additives are mixed into the shredded emulsion
    • colored dyes - to match the wavelengths of the photons striking the emulsion during exposure
    • hardners - prevent physical trauma
    • bacterides and fungicides to inhibit growth of these organisms
    • antifogging agents to decrease the sensitivity to environmental factors such as heat
  17. what is the fourth stage in manufacturing
    coating - requires extremely precise and expensive coating equipment
  18. what are impurities
    what two ions does crystal lattice structure consist of
    • chemical sensitivity speck
    • Ag+ ions (bound silver ion or free silver ion)
    • Br (Bromine ion halide 9could be iodine also)
  19. what is a latent image
    image that is formed by the interaction between xray photons and light. It is invisible and cannot be seen by the eye
  20. when does the latent image become the visible image
    during the development process
  21. what is oxidation and reduction in the process of manifesting image formation
    • developer diffuses into the emulsion
    • transfer of electrons to sensitivity speck
    • change of silver atoms to metallic silver
  22. we should never do what to a wet cassette
    close
  23. film should be stored at a temperature of ____
    what should humidity be
    what material is used for cassettes
    • 20 degrees celsius (68 degrees F) or lower
    • 30-60%
    • low attenuation graphite carbon fiber
  24. speed is controlled by the ____ of the silver halide and the ____ thickness of the emulsion layer
    size and thickness
  25. smaller crystals and thinner emulsion films are considered to be ______ in speed or sensitivity
    this provides the image with what detail
    • slow
    • high contrast with increase resolution
  26. ______ crystals and ____ emulsion films are considered ______ in speed
    what image do they produce
    what affects speed contrast and detail in the same fashion in the intensifying screen
    • larger and thicker fast
    • low contrast radiograph with decreased resolution
    • phosphors
  27. describe the gurney mott theory of latent image formation
    • step 1: photon interacts with silver halide crystal which frees the electron
    • step 2: electron migrates to sensitivity speck
    • step 3: silver ion accepts electron and becomes metallic silver
    • step 4: silver ion accepts electron and becomes metallic silver
    • step 5: process continues until all silver ions become metallic silver forming a latent image
  28. what are the three types of film
    • direct exposure film
    • inderect exposure films
    • special application film
  29. how do we clean films
    what can cause films to fog
    • with electrostatic cleaning solution
    • a loaded cassette stored near heat bright sunlight or in an ionizing radiation activates screen phosphors

Card Set Information

Author:
 anatomy12
ID:
 250286
Filename:
 RAD-171- RADIOGRAPHIC FILM
Updated:
2013-12-04 20:57:15
Tags:
XRAY
Folders:
XRAY
Description:
DG
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