Arch 270 Week 11

• -humans have two types of lice, pubic and head lice
• -pubic lice is similar to gorilla lice, suggests loss of body hair before 3 MYA
• -pubic hair serves unknown purpose (ornament, pheromone trap, friction)

• -one of 3 theories for hominid hair loss
• -we had a semi-aquatic lifestyle based on foraging in shallow water

• -one of 3 theories for hair loss
• -allows increased heat loss, supported by sweating efficiency

• -one of 3 theories for hominid hair loss
• -lost hair to limit annoying and potentially harmful parasites

• -introduced by raymond dart
• -possible toolkit for Australopithecus africanus 
• -hypothetical only
• -animal bone (osteo), teeth (donto), antler/horn (keratic)
• -Makapansgat (south africa) littered with broken faunal material
• -most scholars skeptical of claims

• -fine grained homogenous stones that flake ina predictable manner
• -chert, flint, obsidian, basalt, quartzite

-conical fracture producing a smooth, curved surface radiating outwards from the point of impact

-a rock that has at least one flake taken off of it

-must have bulb of percussion (raised area directly below striking platform)

• -use of a hammerstone to remove short, deep flakes during flintknapping
• -the flakes can then be worked further and the core could be used as a tool

• -hard hammer percussion in which both an anvil stone and hammerstone are used to detach flakes from a cobble (the core)
• -may be earliest hominid knapping technique

-use of soft hammer (antler, bone) to produce more specialized tools by removing thin flakes from edges or faces

• -removal of very thin flakes by applying pressure with a pointed piece of wood or bone 
• -refines tools 
• -resharpens cutting edge

• -2.5-1.5 MYA 
• -lower paleolithic 
• -simple flakes from unmodified cores
• -hard hammer percussion
• -named after Olduvai gorge(tanzania) 
• -associated with Homo habilis and H rudolfensis

• -2.5-2.0MYA
• -oldest known
• -could have been preceded by an earlier "shatter" phase, unrecognizable archeologically
• -H habilis and H rudolphensis 
• -bipolar knapping

• -1.9-1.6MYA
• -hard hammer percussion, both a continuation of bipolar knapping and addition of hard hammer percussion(stone held in one hand and struck)
• -chopper/chopping tools
• -discoids
• -burins(chisel like)
• -manuports

• -1.6-1.5MYA
• -addition of proto-bifaces
• -transitional to Acheulian?
• -Homo erectus

• -1.8 MYA-53KYA
• -950CC cranial capacity (70% of modern humans)
• -cranial capacity began increasing 700KYA

• -prognathic face
• -pronounced nuchal crest (strong neck muscles)
• -postorbital constriction
• -large supraorbital tori
• -no chin
• -large thick jaws and teeth
• -long low skull(football shaped)
• -sagittal keel
• -thick cranial vault(adaptation for blunt force trauma)
• -greatest width at base (temporal bones)

• -narrow pelvis, but extensive postnatal growth
• -similar limb proportions to humans
• -robust

• -sometimes given name of more modern african H erectus
• -thinner, higher cranial vault
• -1100CC cranial capacity
• -reduced prognathism
• -less pronounced nuchal crest and brow ridges
• -no sagittal keel
• -smaller teeth

• -Georgia
• -numerous H erectus fossils, most physically similar to African forms
• -identical olduwan toolkits
• -one skull has small 546 CC and prognathic face, more similar to H habilis(possibly suggesting single Homo lineage)

• -chinese sight
• -many H erectus found, very similar to Java specimens

• -Atapuerca (Spain)
• -similar to H ergaster 
• -1000CC
• -some say new species, other H erectus or H heidelbergensis

• -1.8-.01MYA
• -drop in worldwide temps
• -extensive fluctuation
• -glacial periods, which are interrupted by interstadials
• -interglacial periods are interrupted by stadial

• -used fire (perhaps only opportunistically)
• -ate meat, either scavenged or hunted(unclear)
• -more advanced tools (Acheulian began 1.6MYA)

• -had hemispheric specialization 
• -left side for language and symbol use
• -broca and wernicke present
• -thoracic vertebral canal was still smaller, less control of breathing patterns
• -basicranium was flexed like humans(bent larynx, lower larynx larger range of sounds)

• -38-18KYA
• -less than 1M tall
• -400CC 
• -some say new species, others insular dwarfism or disease
• -simple stone tools
• -entire island was messed up

-original name proposed for H erectus

• -Kenya
• -where 80% complete H erectus was found