Arch 270 Week 12

• -aka premodern, transitional 
• -intermediate between ergaster and modern H sapiens
• -500-100KYA
• -some call H heidelbergensis

• -1250CC (85-90% modern humans)
• -receding chin and forehead
• -broad mandibular ramus
• -more vertical occiput than H erectus
• -smaller teeth than H erectus
• -less prognathic face than H erectus
• -large supraorbital tori
• -reduced postorbital constriction
• -reduced cranial robusticity 
• -widest at parietal region
• -decline in postcranial robusticity

• -nearly complete cranium of archaic H sapiens
• -600KYA
• -exhibit cut marks (defleshing?)
• -africa

• -zambia, africa
• -1280CC
• -severe dental disease 
• -traumatic puncture wound
• -used to induce racism against africans (when it was believed only 40K years old)

• -Germany
• -archaic H sapien
• -200KYA
• -1200CC

• -England
• -300-400KYA
• -1300CC (early neanderthal)
• -female

• -Greece
• -240-160KYA
• -over 1200CC

• -France
• -400-250KYA
• -1150CC
• -several fragmented cranium

• -China
• -200KYA
• -1100-1200CC

• -India
• -200KYA
• -1300CC

• -Germany
• -first neandethals found

• -1500CC(1350-1400 for humans)
• -large, prognathic face
• -wide set eyes
• -massive nasal area (aperture and sinuses) for warming cold air
• -large supraorbital tori
• -bulging parietals (also widest here)
• -long, low cranium
• -sloping forehead
• -receding chin
• -robust mandible
• -large teeth with taurodontism

• -robust and muscular 
• -thick long bone coritces 
• -large joints
• -short distal segments of limbs(keep mass to center)
• -thick ribbed barrel chests
• -specialized pelvis

• -glacial period was about 120KYA and peaked 20KYA
• -covered most of northern Eurasia(neanderthal area)
• -south of glaciers were grasslands with loess dunes and megafauna

• -Europe and western Asia
• -NOT africa, south or east asia

-French Neanderthal

-Croatian neanderthal

-Iraq neanderthal

• -Siberia Altai mountains
• -from two teeth and a hand bone
• -50-30KYA
• -large contribution to genetics in SE asia
• -low genetic diversity

• -Longlin Cave, China
• -14.3-11.5KYA
• -mix of modern and primitive features
• -modern: rounded brain case, modern frontal lobes, short flat face, regular brain size
• -ancestral: large brow ridges, thick skull, primitive parietal lobes, large molars, broad nose, prognathic jaw

-modern humans, Denisovans, Neanderthals, Red Deer cave people, H erectus, and H floresiensis

• -H habilis
• -H rudolfensis
• -lower paleolithic

• -H erectus
• -H ergaster
• -lower paleolithic

• -european archaic H sapiens
• -neanderthals 
• -middle paleolithic

• -1.6MYA
• -involved removing of smaller flakes
• -named after St Acheul, France where it was identified

• -tapered, bifacial multi purpose tools
• -almond shaped
• -characteristic of acheulian industry
• -early hand axes much more crude

-large hand axes with a flat chopping edge

• -line where stone tools seems to end
• -Northern India
• -could be a reflection of raw materials(bamboo), technological bottleneck,  or H erectus migration into East asia

• -similar to acheulian
• -used by archaic H sapiens
• -more retouching of flakes 
• -200KYA-40KYA
• -named after Le Moustier, France

• -mousterian industry
• -process of preparing a core in order to strike off consistently shaped and ready to use flakes
• -core is rounded and flaked until it is ready to use

• -human head and body lice diverged 190KYA
• -suggests first appearance of tailored clothing

• -site in Germany
• -wooden spears found
• -2M long
• -sharpened and tapered like modern javelins
• -400KYA

• -Iraq
• -paralyzed right arm, blind in left eye
• -community sustained him instead of letting him die
• -compassion

• -France
• -arthritic old man
• -again compassion

• -Spain
• -possible evidence of human processing(cannibalism)
• -possibility of contributing to neanderthals demise(genocide, prion disease)

• -had art, music and body adornment
• -shown to be independently developed

• -hyoid bone identical to humans
• -FOXP2 gene 
• -lacked quantal hallmark (distinguish between beat and bit)

• -first appeared in Africa
• -200-100KYA
• -small face
• -protruding chin
• -rounded cranium with high forehead
• -smaller teeth
• -gracile skeleton

• -modern humans evolved from single local
• -replaced all pre existing hominoids while colonizing the world
• -all modern population differences are all recent in origin
• -recent common ancestor

• -developed from archaic predecessors throughout Eurasia
• -remained single species through gene flow
• -suggests interbreeding with modern humans from africa
• -common ancestor is H erectus

-third way humans may have spread

• -Ethiopia 
• -160KYA 
• -skull
• -archaic: wide spaced orbits, large brow ridges
• -modern: long high cranium, 1450CC

• -Ethiopia
• -195KYA
• -Omo 1 is completely modern
• -Omo 2 archaic: long narrow cranium, receding forehead, prominent brow ridges

• -France
• -30KYA
• -type site for anatomically modern humans in Europe
• -1600CC

• -Portugal
• -25KYA
• -modern cranium and mandible of 4 year old boy
• -very robust neanderthal like postcranial skeleton

• -Czech Republic
• -32-33KYA
• -five modern humans, some with neanderthal traits
• -low cranium, heavy brow ridges
• -child postcranially robust

• -Israel 
• -90KYA
• -possibly indicate hybridization
• -prognathism and large supraorbital tori
• -predate most neanderthal sites

• -China
• -60-100KYA
• -earliest H sapiens discovered in east asia
• -somewhat disproves Out of Africa hypothesis

• -99.7% identical to modern DNA
• -1-4% of modern eurasian genome comprised of neanderthal DNA
• -closer to NON africans than africans

• -Kenya
• -worlds oldest blade tools
• -240KYA

• -Zaire
• -bone tools 90KYA