Arch 270 Week 13

• 1)blades rather than flakes
• 2) broader subsistence base
• 3) increased use of non lithic material
• 4)increase in non utilitarian items
• 5) larger more sedentary settlements
• 6) long distance trade
• 7) elaborate burials
• 8) first undisputed works of art

• -blades at least twice as long as wide
• -up to 5x more useable edge from same amount of stone than regular flakes
• -occur regularly after 50KYA

• -34-27KYA
• -long blade tools
• -burins
• -scrapers

• -27-21KYA
• -smaller blades
• -denticulate knives

• -21-16KYA
• -symmetrical leaf shaped projectile point

• -16-11KYA
• -microblades for composite tools
• -bone and antler tools

• -fish, birds, small mammals 
• -plant foods

• -Czech Republic
• -net impressions in baked clay flood
• -possible small animal hunting
• -preserved plant remains
• -complex of three sites, habitation, graves and stone workshop
• -earliest fired clay figurines and kiln

• -Siberia, Russia
• -hunting of migratory game
• -hunting animals for fur

• -bone, ivory, antler and wood
• -needles, awls, harpoons, shaft straighteners, fish hooks, spear heads etc etc

• -raw materials found as far as 500km from source 
• -intricate trade routes with extensive social connections

• -Spain
• -17-14KYA 
• -cave paintings
• -initially thought to be a hoax

• -France
• -engraved antler plaque that may represent lunar phases
• -32KYA

• -France
• -mammoth engraved into mammoth ivory

• -30-10KYA
• -clay or carved stone
• -faceless
• -exaggerated sexual features
• -mother goddess? fertility symbol? self portrait?

• -Germany
• -35KYA (oldest by 5KY)
• -mammoth ivory
• -prehistoric pinup because sexual features are so exaggerated

• -Islands (Java, Sumatra, Bali and Borneo) joined into one peninsula
• -120-20KYA

-combined landmass of Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania

• -deep oceanic rift separating Sahul from Sunda
• -prevented natural migration of plants and animals
• -marks boundary between Asian and Australian fauna

• -Australia separated from Asia 70MYA
• -peopled 60-40KYA
• -likely involved island hopping 
• -distances of 70km between islands

• -Australia 
• -gracile cranium
• -skulls dating from 40-60KYA and some from 25KYA
• -possibly suggests multiple migrations

• -New Guinea(was part of Sahul)
• -40KYA
• -groundstone waisted axes

• -northern Australia
• -1000+ artifacts dating to 61KYA

• -last glacial period in North America
• -maximum 25-14KYA
• -2 major ice sheets, Laurentide (eastern) and Cordilleran(west)
• -ice free corridor through alberta(likely continuously passable)

• -unglaciated land mass stretching from siberia to alaska
• -80-14KYA
• -treeless landscape with abundant and diverse fauna

• -tundra: shallow permafrost, cold, waterlogged acidic soil, low nutrient vegetation discouraging grazing, slow nutrient turnover
• -mammoth steppe: deeper permafrost, warmer, well drained fertile soil, deep rooted vegetation, high efficient nutrient turnover

• 1) ice free corridor- likely partially obstructed after 35KYA, may not have been habitable at all
• 2) coastal route-required ice free refugia and sophisticated technology(watercraft, weaponry) this theory is difficult to support archeologically

• -rapid expansion of specialized (clovis tip) hunters who moved south from Beringia following glacial retreat after 14KYA
• -peopling of the new world was an EVENT
• -earliest sites in american southwest date to 11-11.5KYA

• -type site of Clovis, New Mexico
• -specialized big game hunting with fluted points hafted onto shafts
• -Clovis points appear first in Southwest USA but are found across NA (except Beringia)

• -Clovis hunters followed the megafauna south
• -caused extinction of 75% of large mammals

• -expansion during the wisconsin glacial period of foraging peoples who spread throughout the new world
• -peopling of the New world was a PROCESS 
• -sites range from 50KYA(debatable) to 14KYA

• -PA
• -19-14KYA
• -obvious pre clovis

• -VA
• -22-18KYA
• -similar to meadowcroft

• -Oregon
• -human coprolite(feces) dating to 14.3 MYA

• -Chile
• -15-12.5KYA
• -amazing preservation from peat bog

• -Aleut-Eskimo 4-6KYA
• -Na-Dene 9-14KYA
• -Amerind 14-25KYA

• -divided everyone into groups based on geography of traits in their region
• -based on pure races

• -grouped people based on whose ancestors mated with each other over time
• -distinct breeding populations
• -undermined because people do not maintain breeding patterns for long periods of time
• -technology has further increased "cross breeding"

• -traits change gradually in frequency from one geographic area to next
• -does not result in classifications of race

• -buffers us against many environmental stessors and inhibits the effects of natural selection
• -things we make to make surviving easier, houses, clothing etc

• -acclimation-short term responses to stress (shivering, sweating etc)
• -acclimatization-long term response to stress (changing body chemistry)
• -developmental acclimatization- changes in organ or body structure as a response to stress during growth and development

• -inherited traits that allow adaptations to particular environments
• -heat/cold stress, bodies change to radiate/conserve heat

• -among mammals of similar shape, smaller will lose heat more rapidly
• -among those of similar size, more linear will lose heat more rapidly

-mammals living in colder climates will tend to have shorter limbs than those in hot climates

-gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next

-onset of menstruation in adolescent women

-melanin producing cells located in the skin's epidermis

-native american culture immediately following Clovis culture