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capsid
protein coat around the nucleic acid core of a virion
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nucleocapsid
capid + virion
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envelope
phospholipid membrane on outside of the capsid; protects and helps gain entry into animal host cell.
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virus
intracellular; consists of just the nucleic acid core.
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What is an extracellular virus called?
virion
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How are viruses classified?
By the type of genetic material they contain, the size and shape of the virus, and the presence or absence of an envelope.
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Know the different forms of nucleic acid that a virus may contain (sRNA etc.)
dsDNA; dsRNA; ssDNA; ssRNA
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Be able to describe the steps in viral replication
- 1. attachment
- 2. entery
- 3. synthesis.
- 4. assembly
- 5. release.
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Compare the differences in animal virus and bacteriophage replication.
- Animal viruses attach using glycoprotein spikes on their capsid or envelope.
- All animal virus capsids have to be removed if the capsid enters the host cell.
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Be able to describe and compare lytic cycle and lysogeny.
- Lytic cycle- synthesis occurs right after vision enters the cell.
- Lysogeny- virion remains in the cell for several cellular reproductions before synthesis is started.
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A virus is called a ______ when its DNA becomes incorporated into an animal host’s DNA.
provirus
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A virus is called _________ when its DNA become incorporated into a bacterial host's DNA.
prophage
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Induction
the prophage genome is released from the bacteria genome. usually the same chemical or physical agents that can cause damage to DNA
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Understand the connection between HIV and retroviruswes
Both viruses infect specific cells in their hosts. HIV- T lymphocytes in humans. Retroviruswes- brain cells of animals and humans.
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Explain how viruses can cause cancer
Viruses may cause cancer by carrying copies of oncogenes to other cells, promoting oncogenes already present in a cell, or by interfering with genetic expression when they are acting as proviruses.
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neoplasia-
uncontrolled growth from a change in a gene
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tumor-
mass of neoplastic cells
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Be able to explain the difference between oncogenes and proto-oncogenes
- proto-oncogenes- genes for cell division that are turned off when cell division is not needed.
- oncogenes- causes tumor cells
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Be able to explain the difference between viroids, prions and viruses.
- Viroid- do not have a capsid; infect plants
- Virus- infect animals, have a capsid.
- prions- protein, infect the brain.
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Know the structure of prions and viroids and what they infect.
- Viroids- tiny, circular pieces of infectious RNA; appear linear. Infect plants.
- Prions- protein, Beta pleated form of PrP; infect the brain.
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