-
Scotch Hobble application
- -use a 35' to 40' lead
- 1) tie noose around base of the neck
- 2) run lead between front legs towards intended leg to be secured
- 3) tie hobble strap around pastern and attach to rope
- 4) pull hind leg cranially so that toe is just off the ground and secure rope back towards noose with quick release knot
-
Stock
- -most commonly used in a clinic
- -usually made of pipe
- -not more than 30" wide
- -never leave horse unattended
-
Tieing up a horse
- 1) only allow a neck's length
- 2) always tie a quick release or slip knot
- 3) tie to a place that is sturdy, cannot be eaten, pulled up or break
-
Haltering a horse
- 1)work with the head- alleviate fear by calmly petting cheeks
- 2)use a 8-10 ft lead rope
- 3) walk around throat latch area close to horse
- 4)avoid walking in blind spots of horse
-
Horse blind spots
directly in front and behind
-
Equine Behaviors
- 1) treat as companion animals
- 2) treat as individual personalities
- 3) watch body, ear, nostril, eye, and tail movment/positions
- 4) assess temperment before approaching
- 5) approach slowly with confidence
-
Communication methods when dealing with horses
-
Horse Dental Formula
2(I3/3,C1/1,P3-4/3,M3/3)
-
"Rule of Eights"
- 8 days - i1 come in
- 8 weeks - i2 come in
- 8 months - i3 comes in
i=deciduous
-
weanling
young horse no longer nursing but less than 1 year old
-
foaling
the act of giving birth to a foal
-
yearling
young horse about 1-2 years old
-
-
gelding
neutered male horse
-
filly
intact female horse that has not had a foal
-
mare
intact female horse that has had a foal
-
colt
young intact male horse
-
Stallion
Adult intact male horse
-
Horse Temperature
99-101.5o F
-
Horse Life span
20-30 years
-
Horse Respiratory Rate
15-20 rpm
-
Horse Heart Rate
28-40 bpm
-
Dentition at 10-30 years
- Appearance of Galvayne's groove on upper I3 at 10 years at the gumline
- Half way from top down the tooth - 15 years
- all the way down the tooth - 20 years
- Disappears from bottom to midway - 25 years
- Disappears completely by 30 years
-
Dentition at 7-10 years
Notch on upper I3 appear at 7 years - 7 year notch
Wears away by 10 years
-
Dentition at 5-7 years
Canine teeth erupt - all adult incisors are in
-
Dentition at 4.5 years
All adult incisors are in
-
Dentition at 3.5 years
First and second adult incisors are in. Third is still deciduous
-
Dentition at 2.5 years
First adult incisor is in. Second and third are still deciduous
-
Bishoping
the grinding of the cups of the incisors to mask the age of the horse
-
floating teeth
filing down of points on the premolars and molars of horses
-
3 minimum requirements for Appaloosa
- 1) white sclera
- 2) striped hooves
- 3) mottled skin around eyes, muzzle and genitalia
-
Mule
a cross between a Jack and a mare
-
-
-
Hinny
a cross between a stallion and a jenny
-
RVT duties in Equine Medicine
Assist with diagnosis of respiratory:colic: lameness: reproductive diseases
- Assist with pre-op and post-op care
- Assist with pre-breeding exams
- Coggins testing for EIA
- Herd health work
- research
-
Herd Health Work entails
- vaccinations
- deworming/pasture management
- sanitation/ventilation
- neonatal care
- nutrition
-
Jockey Club
1894, New York City
-
-
First North American Track
1665, Long Island
-
Smithfield track
first track built since Roman times. 1174, London
-
Thoroughbred foundation sires
- Darley Arabian
- Godolphin Arabian
- Byerly Turk
-
Xenophon
- greek soldier "father of Horsemanship"
- 400 BC essays - foundation of modern horsemanship
-
First Domestication of Horses
Babylonia 2000 BC (Egypt 300 years later)
-
Horse uses
- Past: food source
- Present: transportation/work/leisure
-
3 undomesticated species
Zebra, wild African ass, Przewalski horse
-
Equu
- True horse
- high crowned teeth - hipsodont
-
Pliohippus
- "One toed grazer"
- 2-3 mya
- - splint bones
- -wider eye
- -teeth converted completely to grazing
-
Merychippus
- "grass eater"
- 26 mya
- - high crowns started to develop
- - middle toe largest, bore all weight and ended in a hoof
-
Mesohippus
- "middle horse"
- 35 mya
- all 4 feet now 3 toes - middle larger
- -teeth bigger
- -browser
-
Eohippus
- "dawn horse"
- 55 mya
- front feet 4 toes; back feet 3 toes
- teeth small
- browser
-
Brought first domesticated horses to the Americas in 16th century
Conquistadores
-
The conquistadores brought which breed of horses to the americas
Mustang
-
Horse Breeds of Spanish origin
- Andalusian
- Peruvian Paso
- Paso Fino
- Mustang
-
Horse bred by Nez Perce Native Americans
Appaloosa
-
King Solomon's Horses
Arabians
-
What are Tennessee Walking horses known for?
The Running Walk
-
What horse is born dark but turns light grey as they age?
Lipizzan
-
French draft horse with Arabian influence
Percheron
-
Horse breed that breeds true to chestnut color
Suffolk Punch
-
Largest breed of horse
Shire
-
Red Roan
white hairs intermixed with bay
-
Strawberry Roan
white hairs intermixed with chestnut/sorrel
-
Blue Roan
white hairs intermixed with black
-
Bay
tan with black points on mane, tail, ears, muzzle and on legs below knees and hocks.
-
Pony of the Americas
- Must have appaloosa coloring
- Cross between Shetland Pony and Appaloosa
-
Skewbald tobiano
any color other than black with white that crosses over the back and extends downward
-
Skewbald overo
any color other than black with white that does not cross the dorsal line
-
Piebald tobiano
black horse with white that crosses the dorsal line
-
Piebald overo
black horse with white that does not cross the dorsal line
-
Difference between a paint and a pinto
A paint can only be of Quarterhorse breeding
-
2 basic Appaloosa patterns
-
Snip
white marking on nose between the nostrils
-
Star
white marking of any shape on the forehead
-
Stripe
white line down the face
-
Blaze
white band down the face but does break the cheek line
-
Bald or Apron face
white from forehead to muzzle, extending around eyes and usually breaks the cheek line
-
coronet
white around the coronary band
-
pastern
white from top of hoof to bottom of fetlock joint
-
Fetlock
white from top of hoof to fetlock joint
-
Half stocking
white from top of hoof to halfway up cannon
-
3/4 stocking
white from top of hoof to 3/4 way up cannon
-
full stocking
white all the way up to the carpus or hocks
-
3 ways to apply lip chain
- 1) chain is run from left ring at base of the ear to left cheek ring, run under the the chin and clipped to the right cheek ring
- 2) same as 1 except chain is run over the noseband
- 3) same as 1 except chain is run into the mouth along the upper gum
-
Foal Restraint
- -try to keep mother in sight (if she gets to agitated,must remove)
- -if foal gets to stress, stop immediately
- -DO NOT FLANK A FOAL
- -corner against stall wall
- -hold with one arm around chest and the other raises the tail over the back
-
3 types of twitches
- Rope twitch
- Chain twitch
- Humane twitch
-
Basic principle behind the twitch
releases endorphins; lasts 5-15 minutes
-
Front leg tie
- 1) can use a stirrup leather or long belt
- 2) strap is placed around pastern of front leg and leg is flexed
- 3) encircle flexed forearms and secure strap laterally on leg for quick removal
-
Xylazine
- Rompun
- has analgesic properties
- 0.5 - 1.1 mg/kg IV/IM
- produces transient bradycardia and decreased RR
- can still respond violently to stimuli
-
Acepromazine Maleate
- phenothiazine tranqilizer
- no analgesia
- 0.044-0.088 mg/kg IV/IM
- causes hypertension and tachycardia
-
Torbugesic
- Butorphanol tartrate
- 0.05 -0.2 mg/kg
- opiate agonist with analgesic properties
- usually combined with a sedative
- Lowers HR/RR
-
Dormosedan
- detomidine
- muscle relaxant and analgesic
- does not have flashes of instant awareness
- 10-40mg/lb IV
-
Parts of Equine digestive tract
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, right ventral colon, sternal flexure, left ventral colon, pelvic flexure, left dorsal colon, diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal colon, transverse colon, small colon, rectum
-
Auscultation
to listen with a stethoscope
-
Borborygmus
rumbling or gurgling noises of the gut of a horse
-
How do you auscultate a horses' abdomen during an exam?
in the quadrant format clockwise.
-
Esophageal Obstruction etiology
- "choke"
- dry grains that have been greedily eaten or sometimes alfalfa cubes
-
Esophageal Obstruction symptoms
- enlargement of cervical esophagus
- regurgitation of feed: water and saliva through mouth and nostrils
- holding neck straight out or arching
-
Esophageal Obstruction complication
- Aspiration pneumonia
- rupture of esophagus
-
Esophageal Obstruction treatment
- Pass nasogastric tube, warm gentle gavage under sedation
- Surgical removal of obstruction if other means do not work
- Feed small quantities of soft food after removal
- Broad spectrum antibiotics to prevent aspiration pneumonia
-
Prevention of Esophageal Obstruction
- Place rocks in feed to slow down eating
- Regular dental care
-
Horse Bots
- Etiology - Gasterophilus larva
- Clinical Signs - mild gastric or no signs at all
- Diagnosis - sometimes presence of eggs on forelegs
- Treatment - Routine botacide in fall after flies disappear
-
Habronemiasis
- etiology - Habronema muscae, H. microstoma and Draschia megastoma
- clinical signs - usually absent
- diagnosis - difficult
- Treatment - routine anthelmintic therapy about every 2 month rotating products
-
Gastric Ulcers in foals
- Etiology - stress of disease
- Clinical signs - foals lay on back attempting to take pressure off stomach and teeth grinding (bruxism)
- Diagnosis - clinical signs
- Treatment - Tagament, Cimetidine
-
Gastric Dilatation/Rupture
- Etiology - 1) overconsumption of grain/water 2) intestinal obstruction causing secondary reflux
- Clinical signs - abdominal pain
- Diagnosis - Passage of nasogastric tube: helps identify stomach contents (full of gas/fluid)
- Treatment - decompress stomach with nasogastric tube. Surgery to remove obstruction. Fluid therapy
-
Salmonellosis
- Etiology - Salmonella spp.
- Clinical signs - acute diarrhea (projectile and foul smelling, fever, depression, abdominal pain, congested (red) mucous membranes
- Diagnosis - fecal culture (10 grams) at least 5 different times
- Treatment: fluid therapy, antidiarrheals, antiinflammatories, antimicrobials
-
Catharidin Toxicity
- etiology - ingestion of dead blister beetles trapped in alfalfa hay when harvested. Beetles produce catharidin toxin that is highly irritating to mucous membranes
- Treatment - symptomatic therapy, fluids, and pain control
- Prevention - after June, be aware of grasshoppers in abundance because beetle larva feed off grasshopper eggs
-
Retained meconium
- etiology - impaction of first feces
- Clinical signs - foals try to defecate repeatedly
- Treatment - soapy enemas, pain control
- Prevention - routine administration of enemas at birth
-
Foal Heat Diarrhea
- etiology: physical changes in GI tract possible from hormone changes in mare and the composition of her milk
- Clinical sign: watery feces
- Treatment: self limiting
-
Other etiologies of Foal Diarrhea
Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Rotavirus/coronavirus
-
Colic Etiologies
- Small intestine volvulus and strangulation
- Intussusception
- Impaction of the ileum
- Thromboembolic mesenteric vascular disease
- Large colon impaction
- Cecal impaction
- Sand ingestion
- Colonic volvulus
- Enteroliths
-
Mild Colic Clinical signs
- HR: 40-60 bpm
- RR: 20-30 rpm
- Temp: 99-100.5 (normal)
- MM - pale pink
- CRT 1-2 second
- Gut sound present and normal
- Normal passage of feces
- mild pain level
-
Moderate Colic Clinical Signs
- HR: 60-80 bpm
- RR: 30-40 rpm
- Temp: 99-100.5 (normal)
- MM: pale pink - dark red
- CRT: 2-4 seconds
- Decreasing gut sounds
- Small, hard fecal ball passage
- Moderate pain level
-
Severe Colic Clinical Signs
- HR: 80+
- RR: 40+
- Temp: Under 99 or over 103
- MM - Reddish/purplish
- CRT- 5+ seconds
- Absent gut sounds
- No fecal passage
- Severe pain level
-
Parts of the Colic Evaluation
- 1) Temperature
- 2) Heart Rate
- 3) Respiratory Rate
- 4) Peripheral pulses: submandibular artery, facial artery
- 5) MM color / CRT
- 6) PCV/TP
- 7) Nasogastric Tube Intubation
- 8) Abdominocentesis
-
Nasogastric Tube Intubation findings
- Yellow Green Color - bile reflux
- Reddish Color - mucosal damage or hemorrhage within intestinal tract
-
Abdominocentesis findings
- Clear to yellow with slight turbidity - normal
- Reddish color with increased turbidity - Intestinal devitalization
- Reddish brown - Intestine necrosis
- Flakes of feed/ingesta in fluid - gastric/intestinal rupture or inappropriate needle placement
-
Equine Core Vaccines
- Eastern/Western Enchephalomyelitis
- Rabies
- Tetanus
- West Nile Virus
-
At Risk Vaccinations
- Anthrax
- Botulism
- Equine Herpesvirus
- Equine Influenza
- Potomac Horse Fever
- Snake Bite
- Strangles
-
Equine Infectious Anemia
- -caused by a virus
- -no cure no vaccine
- -spread through blood by biting flies or contaminated equipment and iatrogenically
-
Inapparent EIA form
- -shows no outward symptoms but test positive on Coggins test
- -pose the greatest threat because they act as reservoirs
-
Chronic EIA form
- -positive Coggins test
- -may develop weakness, gradual weight loss, anemia and swelling of lower legs. Symptom can subside and reoccur
-
Acute EIA form
- -death often occurs 1-2 months after exposure.
- -develop fever, go off feed and look outwardly sick.
- -may test negative for 16 to 42 days due to body not producing detectable antibodies
-
What if a horse is EIA positive
- 1) usually recommended to be euthanized
- 2) if kept must be branded on left shoulder with 74-A and isolated 200 yards from others
- 3) donated to research
-
Equine Parasites of the mouth
Gasterophilus spp (bot larvae)
-
Stomach parasites
- Draschia megatoma (stomach worm)
- Habronema spp (stomach worm)
- Trichostrongylus axei (minute stomach worm)
- Gasterophilus spp (bot larvae)
-
Small intestine parasites
- Parascaris equorum (roundworm)
- Strongyloides westeri (threadworm)
- Anoplocephala magna (tapeworm)
- Paranoplocephala mamillana (tapeworm)
-
Large intestine parasites
- Strongyles spp (large strongyles)
- Cyathostomum spp (small strongyles)
- Oxyuris equi (pinworm)
- Anoplocephala perfoliata (tapeworm)
-
Liver parasite
Strongylus edentatus (large strongyle larvae)
-
Lungs parasites
- Dictyocaulus arnfeldi (lungworm)
- Parascaris equorum (roundworm larvae)
- Draschia megastoma (stomach worm larvae)
- Habronema spp (stomach worm larvae)
-
Artery parasite
Strongylus Vulgaris (large strongyle larvae)
-
Body cavity parasite
Strongylus edentatus (large strongyle larvae)
-
Skin/Connective Tissue parasites
- Draschia/Habronema larva (summer sores)
- Strongyloides westeri (intestinal threadworm)
- Onchocerca cervicalis (threadworm)
-
Eye parasites
- Thelazia lacrymalis (eyeworm)
- Onchocerca cervicalis (threadworm)
-
Vaccines we used at Tomball on the horses
Encevac TC-4: Equine Influenza, WEE/EEE, Tetanus toxoid
Strepvac II: Streptococcus equi
-
Dewormer used on horses at Tomball
Zimecterin Gold: praziquantel, ivermectin
-
Eqvalan Liquid/Paste
Ivermectin
-
Panacur granules/paste/suspension
Fenbendazole
-
Anthelcide EQ paste
Oxibendazole
-
-
Equizole A Liquid
Piperazine, thiabendazole
-
Stongid paste, Strongid T
Pyrantel pamoate
-
Strongid C
Pyrantel tartrate
-
Pre-Op physical exam
- Auscultation of Heart - check for murmurs
- Palpation of Peripheral pulse - quality and rate of pulse
- MM color/CRT - adequate perfusion
- Skin turgidity to assess hydration
- Auscultation of Respiration - any crackles (cellophane) or wheezes, nasal discharge
-
Pre-Op Hematologic evaluation
-
Pre-Operative Medications
generally not given due to potential for post-op ileus (intestinal stasis)
-
Definition of Anesthesia
loss of feeling or sensation
-
Definition of analgesia
Relief of pain without loss of consciousness
-
Definition of sedation
act of calming, decreasing excitability and irritability: animal will remain standing
-
IV Anesthesia
- Xylazine given first for sedation/analgesia
- Ketamine given after 3-5 minutes - dissociative
- Induction and recovery-smooth
- Duration 15-20 minutes
- Remove halter and cover eyes once horse is on the ground
-
Guaifenesin/Thiamyl sodium combination
- 5% "GG" glycerol guaiacolate - muscle relaxant and mild sedaton
- 0.2% thiamyl sodium IV - ultra short-acting barbituate
- Duration - 12 to 60 minutes
- requires catheter placement
- Xylazine
-
Guaifenesin/Xylazine/Ketamine combination
- 1) Xylazine - 0.5mg/lb - sedation
- 2) GG - 2.5mg/lb - muscle relaxant
- 3) Ketamine - 0.7mg/lb - bolus
requires catheter placement
-
This is the type of anesthesia that is produced by the controlled administration of gaseous or volatile agents via the respiratory system
Inhalant Anesthesia
-
Advantage of Inhalant Anesthesia v. Intravenous
- 1) easier to control level of anesthetic depth
- 2) used for procedures greater than 1 hour
-
Disadvantages of Inhalant Anesthesia
- 1) requires the use of an anesthetic machine
- 2) requires the use of oxygen
- 3) requires the use of an endotracheal tube
-
What must be done prior to anesthetic induction to reduce risk during intubation?
The oral cavity must be flushed out with dosing syringe and clean water to remove any food or foreign matter that may be aspirated.
-
Tracheal Intubation procedure
- 1) done blindly
- 2) make sure cuff is patent
- 3) use the largest tube possible that will slide easily through larynx
- 4) tube is advanced between cheek and teeth until it bumps the larynx
- 5) extent head and advance tube while rotating
- 6) once in place, inflate cuff with a 60cc syringe
-
Common Inhalant Anesthetics
- Halothane
- Isofluorane
- Nitrous Oxide - needs oxygen to prevent hypoxia
-
What conditions occur if an horse is positioned wrong during anesthesia?
- nerve damage
- rhabdomyolysis
-
Stage one of Clinical Anesthesia
- motor excitation and ataxia
- preanesthetics reduce
- rapid acting drugs prevent
-
Stage two of Clinical Anesthesia
Involuntary excitement or delirium
- loss of consciousness and voluntary control
- CNS excitation or increased stimulation occurs
-
Stage three of Clinical Anesthesia
- consciousness and pain sensations are abolished
- muscular relaxation occurs
-
Light Surgical
- a form of stage 3 anesthesia characterized by:
- Nystagmus
- palpebral reflex
- steady respirations
-
Deep Surgical
a form of stage 3 anesthesia characterized by:
- complete loss of muscle tone (loss of palpebral and corneal reflexes)
- shallower respiration
-
The flow of gas: Vetroson Large Animal Anesthetic Machine
O2 from tank>flowmeter>p/u anesthetic in vaporizer>plenum above soda lime>fills rebreathing bag (2/3)>mixed gases into inhalation tube>endotracheal tube to animal>animal exhales>gases back through endotracheal tube>exhalation hose>soda lime canister>excess gases exhausted past pop off valve>out through scavenging hose>soda lime filters out CO2>gases return to plenum recombine with fresh O2 and anesthetic vapor
-
What dictates artificial manipulation of equine estrous cycles?
1) Breed association age requirements - pressure to have foals born as close to Jan 1st as possible.
2) Economic pressures - maximize maturation before artificial birthday
-
How is the mare's cycle artificially changed?
Manipulation of physical environment - artificial lighting to create 16 hour days
Hormone supplements
-
What kind of cycle does a mare have?
seasonally polyestrous
-
What is the condition where an animal will cycle repeatedly during a given season?
Seasonally polyestrous
-
When is the natural breeding season of an equine?
centers around long-day length - from late March to October - northern hemisphere
reversed south of the Equator
-
Mare estrus length
21-22 days but can be 4-7 day shorter during breeding season
-
How do you tell a mare's optimal breeding time?
- Ultrasound monitoring of follicular development
- rectal palpation
-
How long is mare Diestrus
Consistent 15 days per hormone level
-
When does behavioral receptivity occur
1 day after ovulation
-
Teasing "out"
- mare resists stallions advances by:
- kicking, squealing, pinned back ears, clamping tail between her legs
-
Teasing "in"
- mare shows estrus status by:
- squatting, urinating, lifting of the tail, winks (everts her clitoris) on stallion approach
-
Transition Phase
- characterized by irregular estrus behaviors without ovulation
- will always precede onset of cyclicity regardless of induction of cycle
-
Treatment of transition phase behaviors
Behaviors can be stopped by synthetic progesterones
-
What Breeding Soundness Exam?
- Rectal palpation
- Vaginal speculum examination
- Uterine "CBC": culture, biopsy, cytology
-
When is breeding examination called for?
- Failure to become pregnant after breeding
- At sale/before mare purchase
- Before conception
-
Which hand is used during rectal palpation of mare reproductive structures?
The ob sleeve is placed on the non-dominant hand and lubricated after the tail has been wrapped by vet wrap
-
What is used to evaluate ovarian structure?
Ultrasonography: follicles appear black, corpora lutea appear grayish/webbed
-
Appearance of uterus
- visualized with ultrasonography
- changes during estrus resembles cartwheel due to edema in endometrial folds
-
"Clean hand, Dirty hand" technique
aseptic technique required for all vaginal procedures (speculum exam, "cbc")
- clean hand retrieves cleaning supplies
- dirty hand cleans and preps areas as if for surgery
It is important that NO water be added to the disinfectant soap
-
Length of gestations
11 months or about 330 days
-
Vaginal Speculum examination
- Checks for: (C'DUO)
- Cervical trauma
- Discharges - vaginal, cervical, uterine
- Urine pooling in cranial vagina
- Other conditions associated with subfertility
-
Indications of High Risk Parturition
Vaginal discharge - indicative of placentitis or urine pooling
Udder milk dripping or streaming - placentitis, twins, wrong delivery date calculation
-
Signs of impending parturition
- "waxing teats" droplets of dried milk appear due to udder filling
- Vulva elongates
- Pelvic ligaments relax
- Test colostral Ca levels: > 10-12 mmol/dL
- Behavioral changes
- Sweating
-
Stage 1 Labor - KPLANT
- Kicking at abdomen
- Pacing
- Lifting the tail head
- Agitation
- Nickering
- Turning and biting at sides
-
Stage 2 Labor - PAFFS
- Placenta rupture
- Allantoic fluid escaps
- Forceful labor
- Foal delivered in 30 minutes or else assisted or Cesarean
- Strip umbilical cord of blood and break near foal's body
-
Stage 3 Labor
- Delivery of placenta
- Weight and evaluate placenta to ensure intact
-
Postpartum complications
- colic
- large colon volvulus
- uterine artery hemorrhage
- retained placenta
- peritonitis
-
Foal's first 24 hours
- suck reflex begins shortly after birth
- standing within 1-2 hours
- successful nursing in 6 hours
- first urination around 12 hours
- passage of meconium in first few hours (may admin an enema to prevent retained meconium)
- capable of running in 24 hours
-
-
Foal respiration rate
10-20 rpm
-
Nap/Nursing habits of foals
- nap - 10-20 minute periods
- nursing - 5 minute periods
-
Weight gain of foals
2-4lb/day
-
Normal foal neurological findings
- base-wide stance at first
- exaggerated steps at first
- jerky movements
- when restrained, initially goes limp
-
Routine monitoring of Foal for:
- attitude
- aptitude
- urine and fecal production
-
Routine care of umbilical remnant
1% iodine,tid/qid x 2 days
-
FPT
Failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies for tetanus
IgG <800mg/dL after 24 hours - through ELISA snap test
-
FPT treatments
detected less than 24 hours = high quality colostrum via nasogastric tube
detected after 24 hours = IV plasma
-
Foal energy requirement
130-150kcal/kg/day
-
Sources of nutrition and methods of feeding
Mare (dam): ideal source of nutrition - milk mare in cases of foal inability to nurse
Nurse mare: bond foal to nurse mare if she is sole milk provider
Bottle feeding - labor intensive and potential for aspiration pneumonia
Bucket feeding - commonly used with orphans
-
Nasogastric tube feeding
- primarily used with critically ill foals
- can be left indwelling if placed right
- must be checked before each feeding
- small volumes increasing from 5-10%bw over 12 feedings
-
Assessment for risk based vaccines
- Geographic location
- Use of horse - large gatherings of horses
- safety of vaccine vs. risk
-
Lameness definition:
A manifestation of asymmetry in movement.
-
What is lameness an indication of?
Structural or functional disorder in one or more limbs
-
When can lameness manifest?
- Progression of movement
- Standing in one position
-
What are the 3 effects of lameness?
- 1) Restricted movement
- 2) Reduced performence
- 3) Abnormal gait
-
3 goals of the lameness examination:
- 1) determine which leg is affected
- 2) Differentiate between supporting and swinging-leg lameness
- 3) Establish the components producing lameness
-
What are the components producing lameness?
- musculoskeletal and/or
- neurologic
-
This is the classification lameness notice when horse is supporting weight on the foot or when the horse lands on it.
Supporting limb lameness
-
Common causes of supporting limb lameness
Injury to bones, joints, collateral ligaments or motor nerves and injuries to the hoof
-
This classification of lameness is seen when the leg is in motion
Swinging leg lameness
-
Common causes of swinging-leg lameness
Pathologic changes involving joint capsules, muscles, tendons, tendon sheath or bursas
-
This classification of lameness is evident when the limb is moving and when supporting weight
Mixed lameness
-
This classification of lameness causes an uneven distribution of weight on another limb(s) which produces lameness in previously sound limbs
Complementary lameness
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Basic lameness history questions:
- 1)any inciting factors
- 2)changes in intensity and duration
- 3)responses to treatments already attempted
- 4)time elapsed since last hoof trimming/shoeing
- 5)when is the lameness noticed most
- 6)is there any stumbling
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Stationary phase of lameness exam:
Assesses the horses position and posture while standing still from all sides
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Mobile phase of lameness exam:
Horse is observed at a walk and trot laterally and coming/going to identify the limb or limbs and degree of lameness
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Head bob during forelimb evaluation
Will fall on sound foot landing and rise when unsound foot lands
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Toe landing first indicates:
navicular disease
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Head bob during hindlimb evaluation
head will rise when the sound foot lands and lowers when the unsound foot lands
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Gluteal or "hip hike" during hindlimb examination
The affected limb will be brought higher
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Palpation/manipulation phase of lameness exam
- evaluate digital pulses - will be stronger with pain
- manipulate each hoof - use a hoof tester ever 2-3 cm to check sole
- Always check coronary band for heat/swelling
- pastern joint and fetlock flexion tests
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Lameness Grading System
- I: not observed on walk but seen on trot
- II: Alteration of gait on walk noted, no overt head movements
- III: observed on walk and trot
- IV: non-weight bearing
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