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Alliances
formal associations in which states pledge to militarily protect each other in specified circumstances
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Balancing
Joining an alliance against states or coalitions whose superior resources could pose a threat
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Bandwagoning
joining an alliance with a superior power to share in the benefits of the alliance
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Burden sharing
how costs of alliance are distributed among member states
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Arms control
effort to limit or ban weapons in states military arsenals
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Small arms
inexpensive small weapons that an individual can carry
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Arms race
competitive increase in armaments by two states or coalitions of states
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Security dilemma
one state increases its power which makes others do the same
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Second-strike capability
ability of state to deliver a devastating counterattack after being attacked by nuclear weapons
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Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
strategic doctrine based on the idea that war between the superpowers was deterred when they both were vulnerable to each others second strike capability. (if you bomb a country, they’re going to bomb you back)
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Chemical weapons
weapons that contain chemical elements such as chlorine gas or mustard gas
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Biological weapons
weapons that contain biological agents such as anthrax or plague bacteria
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Deterrence
preventing another actor from doing something they might due (reason #1 why countries acquire weapons and join alliances)
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Compellence
forcing another actor to do something they might not due (reason #2 to join alliance and acquire weapons)
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Bullying strategy
bargaining strategy relying heavily on force or threats of force
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Reciprocating strategy
flexible bargaining strategy in which one side imitates or duplicates the kind of diplomatic moves made by the other actor
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Two-level games
simultaneous negotiations at both the domestic and international level
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Size of alliances: (other themes)
don’t want to spread yourself too thin to where you won’t gain anything when you all win, but don’t want to be so small you can’t win
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Non-proliferation Treaty: who’s allowed to have weapons, who isn’t, who pulled out, who never signed (CHP 8 other themes)
- 189 countries (5 major countries when NPT was first drafted: China, Great Britain, US, Soviet Union and France) signed by 2003,
- North Korea withdrew from the NPT in 2002.
- India, Israel & Pakistan refuse to sign.
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NATO’s evolution
- formed to protect Europe during cold war, but now they’ve expanded.
- Libya intervention will be on exam.
- Nato intervention in Libya was successful
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Collective security
idea that aggressive use of force by any state will be met by combined force of all other states
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Peacekeeping
troop deployment intended to halt armed conflict or prevent its recurrence in conflict areas
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Peacemaking
attempt to force or negotiate settlement between warring factions, often in an internal conflict
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Humanitarian intervention
threats or use of force against a state accused of perpetrating or allowing human rights violations
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State-building
State-building: efforts to create stable legitimate political authority and institutions in post- conflict situations
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Examples of collective security institutions (Chp 9 other themes)
- Examples of collective security institutions:
- NATO
- Concert of Europe
- UN
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UN structure:
- UN structure:
- Security Council,
- General Assembly,
- Secretariat
- ICJ
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International political economy (IPE)
International political economy (IPE)-area of study focusing on the relationships between international political and economic relationships
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Economic liberalism
Economic liberalism- economic philosophy advocating free trade to increase efficiency and wealth
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Free trade
Free trade-international commerce unrestricted by state-imposed penalties such as tariffs
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Collective goods
goods, that once provided are available to all group members regardless of their individual contributions
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Non-Rival
Non-excludable
- Non-Rival- consumption by one does not diminish use by another (air).
- Non-excludable- it is difficult to prevent people from consuming it once it has been produced (stop light).
Examples:
Rival+Excludable= Private Goods
Rival+Non-Excludable= Common Pool Resources (fish stock)
Non-Rival+Excludable= Club Goods (toll roads)
Non-Rival+Non Excludable= Public/Collective Goods (air)
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Mercantilism
Mercantilism- economic philosophy that asserts the primacy of the state and protection of the state`s economic power
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Protectionist policies
Protectionist policies- policies intended to protect the domestic economy from foreign competition (ex. subsidies, tariffs, impose import quotas, place health & safety regulations)
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Subsidies
Subsidies- financial aid from governments to domestic industries
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Tariffs
Tariffs- import tax on foreign products
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Import quotas
Import quotas- limits on the number of goods that can be imported into the country
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Dumping
Dumping- selling products abroad at below-cost prices
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Monetary policies
Monetary policies- state decisions on printing, circulating, and otherwise affecting the value of their currency
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Exchange rates
Exchange rates- values of currencies in relation to each other
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Fixed exchange rate
Fixed exchange rate- values of currencies “pegged” to either another currency or to certain commodities, such as gold
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Floating exchange rates
Floating exchange rates- relative values of currencies as determined by supply and demand of market forces
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Most-favored-nation principle
Most-favored-nation principle- granting the same low-tariff trade status as enjoyed by a state’s most-favored trading partner
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Imperial overstretch
Imperial overstretch- the idea that hegemonic powers overcommit resources, thus undermining their power
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Centrally planned economies
Centrally planned economies- economic systems in which the state determines production, consumption and pricing of commodities
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State capitalism
State capitalism- economic system in which the government is the leading economic actor and uses the markets for political purpose
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Liberalism v. mercantilism (chp 10 other themes)
- Both focus on trade.
- Liberalism- Free trade for everyone.
- Mercantilism-Trade for profit of state & state power. Advocate protectionist policies (p360)
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Different types of goods
- excludable
- non-excludable
- rival
- non-rival
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Bretton Woods institutions (why created and what they were supposed to do)
- IMF,
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,
- Exchange Rate System,
- World Bank,
- basically a monetary system of government created after WWII to bring money back into a broken Europe.
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Effects of the Oil Shock for rich countries
- 400% increase in cost
- $ flowed into the Middle East from West
- US printed money= inflation
- Led to World-wide recession
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Purchasing power parities
Purchasing power parities: a measure of the relative purchasing power of currencies to buy the same amount of goods in different countries. i.e: what money actually buys in various countries around the world
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Human Development Index
Human Development Index: composite index of achievements in basic human capabilities, including life expectancy, education, and income
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Terms of trade
Terms of trade: prices of exported goods relative to imported goods
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Repatriated profits
Repatriated profits: money invested abroad and returned to the investor’s home country
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Corporate social responsibility
Corporate social responsibility: corporations are accountable for the social, economic, and environmental impact of their decisions and operations
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Import substitution strategy
Import substitution strategy: policy to develop and protect industries to produce goods that a country has been importing
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Export-oriented strategy
Export-oriented strategy: exports that fill and profit from a niche in the international political economy
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Microfinancing
Microfinancing: financial services such as small loans that are often provided
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Different ways to measure the gap between rich and poor countries
- GDP,
- income,
- purchasing power parity
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Effects of the Oil Shock for poor countries (debt)
OPEC
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Explanations of the North-South gap
Gap between rich and poor countries
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Problems of foreign aid
Problems of foreign aid-for foreign investors, pouring money into a developing country can be risky. The money allotted to the public doesn’t always trickle down to the people.
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Problems of MNCs
- Puts small businesses out of work
- Pollution
- Funds don't always stay in country
- If MNC leaves, many out of work.
- Meddles in country's politics
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Problems of gender discrimination
Women bear brunt of econ. & political problems.
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Common pool resources (CPR)
- Common pool resources (CPR): accessible to everyone but is not unlimited supply.
- examples:
- oil,
- water,
- energy….
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Tragedy of the commons
(herder-grazing example) metaphor used to describe the difficulty of achieving CO-OP on natural resources that would have long-term benefits for all, given the short-term benefits of resource exploitation to individuals.
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Sustainable development
Sustainable development: development that meets current economic needs without compromising future economic growth and environmental health
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Population momentum
Population momentum: tendency for population to continue to grow due to high numbers of individuals at childbearing age
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Fertility rate
Fertility rate: Average number of children born to women
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Replacement level
Replacement level: fertility rate at which the number of children replace their mother and father
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Demographic transition theory
Demographic transition theory: proposition that the population growth is significantly influenced by economic development effects on death rates and birthrates
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Difficulties of environmental cooperation
- CO-OP needed to protect global commons
- rational for each state to pollute
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Natural resource issues
- Oil & natural gas= plentiful but pollution & dependence on Middle East (unstable)
- H2O shortages
- Deforestation
- Soil erosion
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Economic globalization
Economic globalization: economic integration approaching a single world economy
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Political globalization across state boundaries
extension of political power and activity across state boundaries
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Global governance
Global governance: Multiple, interconnecting spheres of political authority beyond sovereign states
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Cultural globalization
Cultural globalization: Worldwide spread of similar norms, values, and practices
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Migration
Migration: movement of people across countries
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Refugees
Refugees: persons who have left their home countries to flee political persecution or conflict conditions
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Cultural imperialism
Cultural imperialism :dominance of one country's culture over others
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Problems of globalization
- Unequal globalization
- Nationalization
- Environment
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