Politics Final

formal associations in which states pledge to militarily protect each other in specified circumstances

Joining an alliance against states or coalitions whose superior resources could pose a threat

joining an alliance with a superior power to share in the benefits of the alliance

how costs of alliance are distributed among member states

effort to limit or ban weapons in states military arsenals

inexpensive small weapons that an individual can carry

competitive increase in armaments by two states or coalitions of states

one state increases its power which makes others do the same

ability of state to deliver a devastating counterattack after being attacked by nuclear weapons

strategic doctrine based on the idea that war between the superpowers was deterred when they both were vulnerable to each others second strike capability. (if you bomb a country, they’re going to bomb you back)

weapons that contain chemical elements such as chlorine gas or mustard gas

weapons that contain biological agents such as anthrax or plague bacteria

preventing another actor from doing something they might due (reason #1 why countries acquire weapons and join alliances)

forcing another actor to do something they might not due (reason #2 to join alliance and acquire weapons)

bargaining strategy relying heavily on force or threats of force

flexible bargaining strategy in which one side imitates or duplicates the kind of diplomatic moves made by the other actor

simultaneous negotiations at both the domestic and international level

don’t want to spread yourself too thin to where you won’t gain anything when you all win, but don’t want to be so small you can’t win

• 189 countries (5 major countries when NPT was first drafted: China, Great Britain, US, Soviet Union and France) signed by 2003,
• North Korea withdrew from the NPT in 2002.
• India, Israel & Pakistan refuse to sign.

• formed to protect Europe during cold war, but now they’ve expanded. 
• Libya intervention will be on exam.
• Nato intervention in Libya was successful

idea that aggressive use of force by any state will be met by combined  force of all other states

troop deployment intended to halt armed conflict or prevent its recurrence in conflict areas

attempt to force or negotiate settlement between warring factions, often in an internal conflict

threats or use of force against a state accused of perpetrating or allowing human rights violations

State-building: efforts to create stable legitimate political authority and institutions in post- conflict situations

• Examples of collective security institutions:
• NATO
• Concert of Europe
• UN

• UN structure:
• Security Council,
• General Assembly,
• Secretariat
• ICJ

International political economy (IPE)-area of study focusing on the relationships between international political and economic relationships

Economic liberalism- economic philosophy advocating free trade to increase efficiency and wealth

Free trade-international commerce unrestricted by state-imposed penalties such as tariffs

goods, that once provided are available to all group members regardless of their individual contributions

• Non-Rival- consumption by one does not diminish use by another (air).
• Non-excludable- it is difficult to prevent people from consuming it once it has been produced (stop light).

Examples:

            Rival+Excludable= Private Goods

            Rival+Non-Excludable= Common Pool Resources (fish stock)

            Non-Rival+Excludable= Club Goods (toll roads)

            Non-Rival+Non Excludable= Public/Collective Goods (air)

Mercantilism- economic philosophy that asserts the primacy of the state and protection of the state`s economic power

Protectionist policies- policies intended to protect the domestic economy from foreign competition (ex. subsidies, tariffs, impose import quotas, place health & safety regulations)

Subsidies- financial aid from governments to domestic industries

Tariffs- import tax on foreign products

Import quotas- limits on the number of goods that can be imported into the country

Dumping- selling products abroad at below-cost prices

Monetary policies- state decisions on printing, circulating, and otherwise affecting the value of their currency

Exchange rates- values of currencies in relation to each other

Fixed exchange rate- values of currencies “pegged” to either another currency or to certain commodities, such as gold

Floating exchange rates- relative values of currencies as determined by supply and demand of market forces

Most-favored-nation principle- granting the same low-tariff trade status as enjoyed by a state’s most-favored trading partner

Imperial overstretch- the idea that hegemonic powers overcommit resources, thus undermining their power

Centrally planned economies- economic systems in which the state determines production, consumption and pricing of commodities

State capitalism- economic system in which the government is the leading economic actor and uses the markets for political purpose

• Both focus on trade.
• Liberalism- Free trade for everyone.
• Mercantilism-Trade for profit of state & state power. Advocate protectionist policies (p360)

• excludable
• non-excludable
• rival
• non-rival

• IMF, 
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,
• Exchange Rate System,
• World Bank,
• basically a monetary system of government created after WWII to bring money back into a broken Europe.

• 400% increase in cost
• $ flowed into the Middle East from West
• US printed money= inflation
• Led to World-wide recession

Purchasing power parities: a measure of the relative purchasing power of currencies to buy the same amount of goods in different countries. i.e: what money actually buys in various countries around the world

Human Development Index: composite index of achievements in basic human capabilities, including life expectancy, education, and income

Terms of trade: prices of exported goods relative to imported goods

Repatriated profits: money invested abroad and returned to the investor’s home country

Corporate social responsibility: corporations are accountable for the social, economic, and environmental impact of their decisions and operations

Import substitution strategy: policy to develop and protect industries to produce goods that a country has been importing

Export-oriented strategy: exports that fill and profit from a niche in the international political economy

Microfinancing: financial services such as small loans that are often provided

• GDP,
• income,
• purchasing power parity

OPEC

Gap between rich and poor countries

Problems of foreign aid-for foreign investors, pouring money into a developing country can be risky. The money allotted to the public doesn’t always trickle down to the people.

• Puts small businesses out of work
• Pollution
• Funds don't always stay in country
• If MNC leaves, many out of work.
• Meddles in country's politics

Women bear brunt of econ. & political problems.

• Common pool resources (CPR): accessible to everyone but is not unlimited supply.
• examples:
•    oil,
•    water,
•    energy….

(herder-grazing example) metaphor used to describe the difficulty of achieving CO-OP on natural resources that would have long-term benefits for all, given the short-term benefits of resource exploitation to individuals.

Sustainable development: development that meets current economic needs without compromising future economic growth and environmental health

Population momentum: tendency for population to continue to grow due to high numbers of individuals at childbearing age

Fertility rate: Average number of children born to women

Replacement level: fertility rate at which the number of children replace their mother and father

Demographic transition theory: proposition that the population growth is significantly influenced by economic development effects on death rates and birthrates

• CO-OP needed to protect global commons
• rational for each state to pollute

• Oil & natural gas= plentiful but pollution & dependence on Middle East (unstable)
• H2O shortages
• Deforestation
• Soil erosion

Economic globalization: economic integration approaching a single world economy

extension of political power and activity across state boundaries

Global governance: Multiple, interconnecting spheres of political authority beyond sovereign states

Cultural globalization: Worldwide spread of similar norms, values, and practices

Migration: movement of people across countries

Refugees: persons who have left their home countries to flee political persecution or conflict conditions

Cultural imperialism :dominance of one country's culture over others

• Unequal globalization
• Nationalization
• Environment