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In terms of organization, how do qualitative research reports differ from quantitative research reports?
Introduction explains why a particular group merits study, RQ more broad, Results & Discussion more integrated
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Realist tale
most common in qualitative.
- accurate representation of what was experienced
- (people do X)
- 3rd person details
- research has final say on final write up.
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Confessional tale
- Researcher present (1st person)
- researcher shares their surprises
- naturalness
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Impressionist
- Chronological detail
- event by event (fragmented)
- people>participants
- 1st person
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exploration purpose
Provide a beginning familiarity with a topic--new interest
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Descriptive purpose
- Explains the communication process.
- Observes-->describes
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Casual/Functional explanation purpose
To explain things.
Explaining why political ad A is more persuasive than political ad B
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Interpretive Paradigm
Humans are capable of reflectivity and their action is purposive. Human action is meaning-making.
Semantic relationships, No R, Nomothetic
Local knowledge, heuristic framework
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Critical paradigm
Use critical reflection that can produce knowledge.
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case study
An investigation of a "specific, unique, bounded system." Think organization, family, etc
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Theoretical sensitivity
The more informed you are, the more astute your observations are likely to be.
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Complete-participant role
participants' lack of awearness that they are being observed.
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Participant-as-observer role
Participants know that you're observing them
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Observer-as-participant
observations over participating. Participants know the role, but researcher doesn't participate
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Complete observer
Researcher neither participates nor has participants aware of the research study
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Gatekeepers
The person who you need to get the authorization from.
They control the "access gate" that determines whether or not you can "pass through."
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Sponsor
Someone who takes interest in project and opens doors for you, introducing you to others in the group.
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Informants
People who provide quality information about the group
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Maximum-variation sampling
The researcher is interested in intentionally seeking out people, activities or scenes that will add a different, contrasting perspective on the phenomenon.
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typical case sampling
seeking a participant that is typical and provide an in-depth description of that case. Think average member of group
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Theoretical construct sampling
Useful sampling strategy for participant-observation researchers. Select participants or cases based on relevance to phenomenon that interests you
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Critical case sampling
One that embodies in a dramatic way characteristics or features that are important in understanding the phenomenon under study
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Triangulation
Refers to the use of multiple kinds of data and/or multiple methods in studying a given phenomenon.
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saturation
when variation is accounted for and understood--finding more data would not add additional support
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qualitative interview
interaction in which the interviewer has a general plan of inquiry but not a specific set of questions that must be asked using specific words.
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phenomenology
describes the meaning of the lived experience for several individuals about a concept or the phenomenon
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interpretivism
discovering how the participants understand their lives--the researchers interpretation should not be removed from the research process
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structured interview
series of questions with a limited set of response categories
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semi-structured interview
list of questions researcher wants answered
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unstructured interview
"talking points"
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descriptive question
describe a phenomenon using own words
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structural questions
asking informants how they structure different domains of knowledge.
"what kind of games can you play at recess?"
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contrast questions
asking informant to web together different concepts. "what is the difference between a fight and an argument?"
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thematizing
clarifying the purpose of the interviews and the concepts to be explored
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designing
laying out the processes through which you'll accomplish your purpose, including a consideration of the ethical dimension
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verifying
assessing the trustworthiness of the materials
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narative interview
unstructured or semistructured protocol that asks informants for stories
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postmodern interivew
critical paradigm-equalize power between interviewer and interviewee
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Steps of coding
- 1. determine questions
- 2. unitize textual data (broken down into parts)
- 3. develop coding categories
- 4. plugging holes
- 5. checking (member checks)
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negative case analysis
process in which researcher "tests" categories against new data--searching for units that are deviant
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exemplars
represent the body of the data
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Developmental Research Sequence
Used to understand semantic relationships and rules of a given speech community
enthography/interpretive scholars interested in language use
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Grounded theory develpment
generate or discover a theory, an abstract analytical schema of a phenomenon that relates to a particular situation
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