Chapter 15 theory, pathology, & procedures

chemical messengers secreted into the blood stream by the endocrine system

tiny gland located behind the optic nerve in the cranial cavity

a structure that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus directly superior to it in the brain

"master gland"

composed of glandular tissue and secretes hormones in response to stimulation by the hypothalamus

sends hormones through blood vessels, which cause the adenohypophysis either to release or to inhibit the release of specific hormones

composed of nervous tissue. The two hormones released by this lobe are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release steriods

stimulates the development of gametes in the respective sexes

stimulates ovulation in the female and the secretion of sex hormones in both the male and the female

stimulates production of reproductive cells in the male

includes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

stimulates growth of long bones and skeletal muscles; converts proteins to glucose

stimulates milk production in the breast

stimulates thyroid to release two other thyroid hormones

stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water and return it to circulation; is also a vasoconstrictor, resulting in higher blood pressure

stimulates the muscles of the uterus during the delivery of an infant and the muscles surrounding the mammary ducts to contract, releasing milk

regulates the metabolism of the body and normal growth and development, and controls the amount of calcium (Ca) deposited into the bones

released by the anterior pituitary gland, causes the thyroid to release T₃ and T₄

regulates the amount of calcium in the bloodstream

increases cell metabolism

four small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland in the neck. they secrete PTH in response to a low level of calcium in the blood

external portion of the adrenal gland, secretes hormones that are called steriods

internal portion of the adrenal gland, produces sympathomimetic hormones that stimulate fight-or-flight response to stress

respond to stress; have antiinflammatory properties

regulate blood volume, blood pressure, and electrolytes

responsible for secondary sex characteristics

dilates arteries and increases production of urine, blood pressure, and cardiac rate. acts as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system

dilates bronchi, increases heart rate, raises blood pressure, dilates pupils, and elevates blood sugar levels

increases heart rate and blood pressure and elevates blood sugar levels for energy use

located inferior and posterior to the stomach, it's a gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions

produce the hormone glucagon that increases the level of glucose in the blood when levels are low

secrete insulin that decreases the level of glucose in the blood when levels are high

releases a hormone called thymosin that is responsible for stimulating key cells in the immune response

located in the center of the brain, functions to secrete hormone melatonin

hormone thought to be responsible for inducing sleep

lack of appetite

presence of  glucose in the urine

an excessive intake of food. may be used to describe overeating

excessive glucose in the blood

presence of ketones in the urine

abnormal sensation, such as prickling

condition of excessive thirst

condition of excessive appetite

condition of excessive urination

a condition in which an individual's blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes

continuous muscle spasms

enlargement of the thyroid gland, not due to a tumor

excessive thyroid hormone production

most common form of hyperthyroidism

extreme form of hyperthyroidism; life-threatening

deficient thyroid hormone production

hypothyroidism occurring in childhood

inflammation of the thyroid

chronic autoimmune form of thyroiditis

group of metabolic disorders characterized by high glucose levels that result from inadequate amounts of insulin, resistance to insulin, or a combination of both

total lack of insulin production resulting in glycosuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, blurred vision, fatigue, and frequent infections

deficient insulin production, with symptoms similar to type 1 diabetes.

condition of deficient sugar in the blood.

condition of excessive sugar in the blood

oversecretion of insulin; seen in some newborns of diabetic mothers. causes severe hypoglycemia

the hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during adulthood; leads to an enlargement of the extrememties, jaw, nose, and forehead

hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypophysis that occurs in childhood

excessive secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex causes symptoms of obesity, leukocytosis, hirsutism (excessive hairiness), hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and muscle wasting

deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), whihc causes the patient to excrete large quantities of urine (polyuria) and exhibit excessive thirst (polydipsia)

somatotropin deficiency due to dysfunction of the adenohypophysis during childhood resulting in dwarfism

overproduction of parathyroid hormone; symptoms include polyuria, hypercalcemia, hypertension, and kidney stones

deficient parathyroid hormone production results in tetany, hypocalcemia, irritability, and muscle cramps

deficiency or lack of all pituitary hormones causing hypotension, weight loss. weakness

bilateral presence of numerous cyst, caused by a hormonal abnormality leading to the secretion of androgens

insufficient secretion of adrenal cortisol from the adrenal cortex is manifested by gastric complains, hypotension, dehydration, fatigue, and hyperpigmentation  of skin and mucous membranes

genetic condition of rapid aging

oversecretion of ADH from teh neurohypophysis leading to severe hyponatremia and the inability to excrete diluted urine

accumulation of adipose tissue in specific body areas

a condition of patients who are 50% to 100% over their ideal body weight.

used to measure the relationship between a person's height and weight to determine obesity

inherited disorder of the exocrine glands resulting in abnormal, thick secretions of mucus that causes COPD

condition of deficient water in the body

excessive cholesterol, a waxy substance, in the blood

excessive fat in the blood

condition of deficient calcium (Ca) in the blood

condition of excessive calcium (Ca) in the blood

condition of deficient potassium (K) in the blood.

condition of excessive potassium (K) in the blood

condition of deficient sodium (Na) in the blood

condition of excessive sodium (Na) in the blood

deficient volume of circulating blood

excessive amount of ketone acids in the bloodsteam

a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is responsible for converting phenylalanine, found in certain foods, into tyrosine. failure to treat will lead to brain damage and mental retardation

a fatal genetic disorder in which lipids accumulate in the tissues and brain due to an enzyme deficiency

usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla

most common type of pituitary tumor. causes the pituitary to oversecrete prolactin

noncancerous tumor of epithelial origin that is often associated with myasthenia gravis

pancreatic cancer. fourth leading cause of cancer death in the US

rare cancer of the thymus gland

the most common types of thyroid carcinoma are follicular and papillary. both have high 5-year survival rates

measure of average blood glucose during a 3-month time span. used to monitor response to diabetes treatment

after a period of fasting, blood is drawn

measure the amount of ADH, cortisol, growth hormone, or parathyroid hormone in the blood

blood test to measure the body's response to a concentrated glucose solution

nuclear medicine tests used to tag and detect hormones in the blood through the use of radionuclides

blood tests done to asses T₃, T₄, and calcitonin.

measures the amount of calcium in the blood

used as a screen for or to monitor diabetes mellitus; a urine specimen is tested for the presence of glucose

test to detect presence of ketones in a urine specimen

bilateral removal of the adrenal glands to reduce excess hormone secretion

suturing the adrenal gland

the recording of the pancreas through the used of an endoscope (duodenoscope) and a contrast medium

excision of all or part of the pancreas to remove a tumor or to treat an intractable inflammation of the pancreas

excision of the head of the pancreas together with the duodenum. used to treat pancreatic cancer

cutting a stone from the pancreas

removal of the parathyroid gland, usually to treat hyperparathyroidism

cutting of the pineal body

excision of the pituitary gland

removal of all or part of the thyroid gland to treat goiter, tumors, or hyperthyroidism that does not respond to medication

viewing of the thyroid gland