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Types of renewable generation systems
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Types of non renewable generation systems
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what the basic function of a transmission line
- to take large amounts of bulk power from a source and
- transmit it over a distance to a given point where it can be used.
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what's the main objective for all transmission lines
to deliver power with a minimum of line loss
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what considerations are structures chosen
- voltage
- of line, the right of way size, geographical terrain, weather, size of
- conductor, and construction considerations. weather two circuits are required immediately or in the future
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wood poles are used for what lines
sub transmission
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what voltages are wood poles used for
between 44KV and 345KV
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what maintenance requirements do wood poles have
testing and treating pole butts
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tubular steel poles are what
popular, more aesthetically pleasing and have a longer life span
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tubular steel poles are used up to what voltages
500KV
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Lattice steel towers points
Many pieces of angle steelbolted together in a lattice arrangement of some sort,345KV and above,Work well for double circuit configurations ,Extensive footings
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what factor determine what type of lattice steel tower is used
Weight, span length,conductor size, strength needed
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what types of materials are insulators made of
glass, porcelain, polymer
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what insulator material has only been used on the last 20 years
polymer
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what is the purpose of shield wires on transmission lines
provide a path for grounding surges
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what part of the transmission line would you find fiber optic
shield wires
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name 4 types of insulators
- porcelain suspension
- porcelain line post
- polymer suspension
- polymer line post
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what must insulators do?
insulate the line and have the strength to support the conductors
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the conductor must have the________to carry the power and be strong enough to support itself under high _____
capacity, tension
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what factors do voltage levels of transmission lines depend on
- length of line
- the amount of power to be delivered
- the farther in distance to where it is needed
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5 considerations that determine the right of way
- voltage of the line
- type of structure
- conductor spacing
- wide enough to account for some horizontal movements of the phase conductors
- levels of electromagnetic fields
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how long might it take to secure right of way
3-5 years
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what is the power of eminent domain in regards to rights of way
allows utilities to condemn and secure property over the owner's objection
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what does bundled mean
more than one conductor per phase
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ACSR
aluminium conductor steel reinforced
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most underground transmission lines in very large cities are or what type construction
- pipe type oil filled
- where three insulated cables are in one pipe
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what are the largest size and weight of conductor used in transmission lines
1 3/4", 2 1/2 pounds per foot
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when determining right of way _________fields are one of the major considerations
electromagnetic
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what are advantages of fossil fired steam generation
- relatively cheap fuel
- high production capacity
- site location (limited by water availability)
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some disadvantages of fossil fired steam generation
- emits pollutants (carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particle matter)
- non renewable resource (uses a fuel of limited supply)
- large site needed
- cost for fuel delivery can be high
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Nuclear fired steam generation disadvantages
- the need to be located near a water supply
- the disposal of waste materials
- increased background radiation
- poor public opinion non renewable resource
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Nuclear fired steam generation advantages
- high production capacity
- no air-born pollutants
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advantages of geothermal generation
- it is a renewable resource
- geothermal areas are located throughout the united states
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dis advantages of geothermal generation
none known
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advantages of solar generation
- it is a renewable resource
- produces no pollutants
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dis advantages of solar generation
- produces small amounts of electricity
- costs exceed practical limits
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advantages of hydroelectric generation
- low operation cost
- high production capacity
- it is a renewable resource
- does not require any fuel
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advantages of combustion engine generation
- can be located in any area
- can provide peak or emergency power
- low capital cost
- automatic operation
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dis advantages of combustion engine generation
- high fuel cost and pollution
- limited capacity
- it uses a non renewable resource
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advantages of combustion turbine generation
- low capital cost
- automatic operation
- can be located in any area
- can provide peak or emergency power
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advantages of wind generation
- it is a renewable resource
- no fuel cost
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disadvantages of wind generation
- construction costs
- wind velocity limits reliability
- birds of prey killed by flying into propellers
- limited capacity
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advantages of co generation
- efficient use of resources
- high production capacity
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dis advantages of co generation
- emits pollutants
- limited site locations
- uses limited resource as fuel
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advantages of bio mass generation
- renewable resource (wood products)
- many possible site locations
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dis advantages bio mass generation
- fuel may be seasonal or dependent upon other industry demands
- emits pollutants
- small capacity
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advantages of resource recovery
- landfill relief
- public acceptance
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dis advantages of resource recovery generation
- requires large volumes of solid waste
- emits pollutants
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advantages of dispersed micro generation
- easy installation and site location
- compact "package" unit
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dis advantages of dispersed micro generation
- expensive for commercial and industrial customers
- large supply of natural gas is required
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what increases the physical size of insulators
voltage levels
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In most cases what are transmission lines reinforced with
steel strands
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why are bundled conductors used
to increase the capacity of the transmission line and to reduce radio noise and corona loss.
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what is the size and weight transmission conductors go up to
1 3/4" in diameter and weigh 2 1/2 lbs. per foot
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what factors does the voltage level of the transmission line depend on
length of the line, the amount of power to be delivered, the voltage of the existing system, and cost of losses
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what is the main function of the shield wires
provide a path to ground for lightning surges
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define right of way
legal rights to construct and maintain the line
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width of the right way depends on
- voltage of the line
- type of structure
- conductor spacing
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how long can it take to secure rights of way to build a major transmission line
3-5 years
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what is eminent domain
allow utilities to condemn and secure property over the owners objection when construction a transmission line that serves the good of the general public
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what are three key components of a transmission system
- structures
- conductors
- insulators
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seven consideration when choosing transmission structures
voltage of line, the right of way size, geographical terrain, weather, size of conductor, construction considerations, weather two circuits are required immediately or in the future
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what materials are insulators made of
- glass
- porcelain
- polymer (which has been used only in the last 20 years)
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what is a sub conductor
each conductor in a bundled conductor
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how many phases are in a trans circuit
3
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