Chemistry Test 6

the change in a system's internal energy is the sum of the heat aded to the system and the work done in the system
Delta E= Q+W

the outermost electrons in an atom

light consists of bundles or "packets" of energy that travels as electromagnetic waves

mass of a substance per unit volume

theoretical gas that adheres exactly to the gas laws and assumptions of kinetic energy

-packs the most atoms into the smallest amount of space
-also called cubic close packing

-moderately strong force that exists between neighboring polar molecules due to the attraction of oppositely charged ends
-strongest intermolecular force

relatively strong force between molecules that contain hydrogen covalently bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine; present in water, ammonia, and hydrogen fluoride

-weak force that exists between all molecules, both polar and nonpolar, due to the formation of instantaneous dipoles
- strongest intermolecular force effecting the element iodine

negatively charged particles

bonding situation in which electrons are shared by more than two atoms

the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound

allows three electron pairs to get as far apart as possible

-involve replacing one element in a compound with another

A + BC --> B + AC

-characterized by the sharing of a "sea" of delocalized electrons among many atoms
-produces substances that are characteristically malleable and ductile
-metal

-randomness of a substance or system
-second law states entropy is always increasing

two polar bonds point symmetrically in opposite direction

simplest repeating unit in a crystal

atoms of the same element that differ in their mass numbers

a bond that involves the sharing of four electrons

the sharing of one or more electron pairs between two atoms

very hard and very high melting point

the amount of heat required to cause a unit rise in temperature of a unit mass of a substance

characterizes by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another

metal + nonmetal

solid whose particles are characterized by a regular, repeating three-dimensional pattern

elements ten to react chemically to achieve a noble-gas electron configuration weather by losing, gaining, or sharing of electrons

-covalent bond where bonding electron pair is closer to the more electron negative element
-unequal sharing of electrons

-enthalpy change is negative
-warmer then the reactance

molecule having two bonding pairs and two nonbonding pairs of electrons around the central atom

the heat per unit mass required to melt a substance at its normal melting point

the position and momentum of small particles such as electrons cannot be precisely measured simutaneously

energy associated with an object's motion or movement

used to predict whether a bond is primarily ionic or primarily covalent

the two values for absolute zero

causes the bright lines in the spectrum of glowing hydrogen gas

the speed of light in a vacuum

determines an atom's identity as an element

the electronegativity of an element

equation of the ideal gas law in the usual form

type of charge an electron possesses

alkali metals

alkaline earth metals

halogens

noble gases

how to change centimeters to millimeters