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Who were the first people to use Typology when screening suspects?
The FBI
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What information is top down typology based on?
- In depth interviews with 36 convicted sexually orientated murderers, including Ted Bundy and Charles Manson
- A collection of information from the Behavioural Science Unit of the FBI
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What is the past information used for in the top down approach?
It is combined with a detailed examination of the new crime scene, the nature of the attacks, forensic evidence and any evidence relating to the victim to develop models resulting in an offender profile
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What is Typology?
The categorisation of an offender based on a pre-existing template of criminal behaviour.
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To which situation is Typology best suited?
Crime scenes that reveal important information about a suspect (rape, arson, ritualistic killings)
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What did Douglas et al suggest in 1992?
A third category of, 'mixed', should be implemented in order to encompass those who could not be easily classified as organised or disorganised criminals
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Why is profiling ineffective against crimes such as murder or assault in the course of a robbery and destruction of property according to the FBI?
The crime scene reveals too little about the offender
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State 5 traits of an organised criminal
- Above average IQ
- Skilled occupation
- Controlled mood
- Socially and sexually competent
- Follows crime on the news
- Limited change in behaviour after the crime
- Inconsistent discipline as a child
- Use of alcohol during the crime
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State 5 traits of a disorganised criminal
- Lower than average IQ
- Unskilled occupation
- Uncontrolled mood
- Living alone and near the crime scene
- Socially and sexually incompetent
- Harsh discipline as a child
- Does not follow crime on the news
- Major behavioural change after the crime
- Alcohol not used during the crime
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State 5 characteristics of an organised murder scene
- Planned
- Victim is a targeted stranger
- Control (restraints)
- Aggression before death
- Body hidden or moved
- Weapon and evidence absent
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State 5 characteristics of a disorganised murder scene
- Spontaneous
- Victim was known by offender
- Little control
- Sexual acts before death
- Body left at crime scene or not hidden
- Evidence present
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Give two strengths of the Typology approach
- It allows police to narrow down a range of suspects
- It can help predict the best interview techniques to use
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How is typology lacking in theoretical basis?
The development and efficiency of the methods were not published so it is not open to scientific scrutiny
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What did Holmes and De Burger suggest in 1988?
- There may be more than just organised and disorganised offenders
- Proposed 6 types of serial killers that can be defined with a combination of 14 characteristics
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Why is reliance on a classification system flawed?
It carries with it the assumption that criminals never change their modus operandi
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Why can't typology be used for all criminals?
Not all offenders can be typed, typology is only relevant to a small number of crimes (murder, rape)
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Describe the involvement of typology in the Washington sniper case
- A profile was formed of a middle aged white male with military background working alone
- The killer was a young black male with no military experience working with a partner
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What criticisms can be made about the sample used by typologists?
- The sample of serious offenders used was small and from one country.
- This sample group is not representative of unconvicted serial killers and murderers in other countries
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What did David Canter suggest about typology?
Relying on interviews is naïve as convicted serial killers are cruel and manipulative, often lying
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