Chapter 9 Pathology

slow heartbeat, with ventricular contractions less than  60 bpm

abnormal sound heard on auscultation. usually a blowing or swishing sound, higher pitched than a murmur. may be described as cardiac or arterial

abnormal heart sound heard during systole, diastole, or both, which may be described as a gentle blowing, fluttering, or humming sound

heart pain that may be described as atypical or ischemic. atypical pain is a stabbing or burning pain that is variable in location and intensity and unrelated to exertion. ischemic pain is a pressing, squeezing, or weightlike cardiac pain caused by a decreased blood supply that usually last only minutes

lack of oxygen in blood, seen as a bluish or grayish discoloration of skin, nail beds, and/or lips

profuse secretion of sweat.

difficult and/or painful breathing; it is experienced when effort is expended

abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.

an accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the tissues due to inadequate drainage

vomiting. forcible or involuntary emptying of the stomach through the mouth

sensation that accompanies the urge to vomit, but does not always lead to vomiting

difficulty with breathing relieved only when the patient is in an upright position

paleness of skin and/or mucous membranes. on darker pigmented skin, it may be noted on the inner surfaces of the lower eyelids or the nail beds

pounding or racing of the heart, such that the patient is aware of his/her heartbeat

excessive amount of blood in the pulmonary vessels. usually associated with heart failure

breathlessness, air hunger

fainting, loss of consciousness

rapid heartbeat, more than 100 bpm

congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by a localized narrowing of the aorta.

congenital condition in which the heart is located in the right side (instead of the left) side of the thoracic cavity

condition whereby the heart is in the normal left side of the thoracic cavity, but the remaining organs are transposed to the side opposite to their normal position

abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth, most often in premature infants.

any abnormality of the walls between the heart chambers. these defects can be either congenital or acquired

an abnormal opening in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart

an abnormal opening in the wall between the lower two chambers of the heart

congenital cardiac anomaly that consist of four defects: pulmonic stenosis; ventricular septal defect; malposition of the aorta, so that it arises from the septal defect or the right ventricle; and right ventricular hypertrophy

excessive systemic arterial blood pressure. can cause heart damage if persistent

damage to the heart, most often the valves, as a result of an episode of an inflammatory condition, rheumatic fever. the name is a nod to the additional fluid in the joints, which are also afflicted

cardiac tissue death that occurs when the coronary arteries are occluded (blocked) by an atheroma (a mass of fat or lipids on the wall of an artery) or a blood clot caused by an atheroma

a ballooning of the heart.

paroxysmal chest pain or discomfort occurring when the heart does not receive enough oxygen, usually when the heart rate is accelerated.

a sudden chest pain that occurs regardless of activity and is indicative of a complete blockage of a coronary artery.

accumulation and hardening of plaque in the coronary arteries that eventually can deprive the heart muscle of oxygen, leading to angina

lack of blood supply to tissues caused by a blockage or hemorrhage.

sudden right ventricular failure due to chronic pulmonary hypertension

narrowing of the aortic valve, which may be acquired or congenital

compression of heart due to buildup of fluid in pericardium

enlargement of the heart.

disease of heart muscle

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart with involvement of one or more of the valves

inability of the heart muscle to pump blood efficiently, so that it becomes overloaded. the heart enlarges with unpumped blood, and the lungs fill with fluid

backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium in systole across a diseased valve. it may be the result of congenital valve abnormalities, rheumatic fever, or mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

narrowing of the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle caused by adhesions on the leaflets of the valve, usually the result of recurrent episodes of rheumatic endocarditis. left atrial hypertrophy develops and may be followed by right-sided heart failure and pulmonary edema (cor pulmonale)

protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular systole

inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart, with the possibility of pericardial effusion

a blockage of one of the pulmonary vessels accompanied by death of lung tissue

excessive pulmonary arterial blood pressure

relatively uncommon narrowing of the tricuspid valve associated with lesions of other valves caused by rheumatic fever. symptoms include jugular vein distention and pulmonary congestion

abnormal variation from the normal heartbeat rhythm.

normal heart rate

partial or complete heart block that is the result of a lack of electrical communication between the atria and the ventricles

incomplete electrical conduction in the bundle branches, either left or right

heartbeats that occur outside of a normal rhythm

irregular contractions of the atria

irregular contractions of the ventricles. are not always considered pathologic

extremely rapid and irregular contractions (300-600/min) occuring with or without an underlying cardiovascular disorder, such as coronary artery disease

the most common type of cardiac arrthymia

rapid, irregular ventricle contractions; may be fatal unless reversed

extremely rapid but regular heartbeat (250-350).

rapid, regular atrial rhythm

any abnormality of the sinus node that may include the necessity of an implantable pacemaker

condition of ventricular contractions > 100 bpm

lack or impairment of the ability to form or understand speech.

inability to perform purposeful movements or to use objects appropiately

a condition of a lack of coordination

tissue death within the brain. may be the result of a hemorrhage or a blockage (thrombosis or embolus)

any escape of blood within the tissues of the brain

paralysis of one limb on the left or right side of the body.

an escape of blood into the cavity between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater covering the CNS

localized dilation of the aorta caused by a congnital or acquired weakness in the wall of the vessel due to atherosclerosis or hypertension. If referred to as dissecting, it has a tear

disease in which the arterial walls become thickened and lose their elasticity, without the presence of atheromas

cramplike pains in the calves resulting in limping, caused by poor circulation in the leg muscles

blockage of blood flow to the extremities. acute or chronic conditions may be present, but patients with both types of conditions are likely to have underlying atherosclerosis.

any vascular disorder limited to the extremities; may affect not only the arteries and veins but also the lymphatics

idiopathic disease - of unknown cause - of the peripheral vascular system that causes bilateral intermittent cyanosis/erythema/numbness of the distal ends of the fingers and toe. occurs almost exclusively in young women

inflammation of the blood vessels

varicose veins that appear at the lower end of the esophagus as a result of portal hypertension. they are superficial and may cause ulceration and bleeding

varicose condition of the external or internal rectal veins that cause painful swellings at the anus

inflammation of either deep veins (deep veing thrombosis or DVT) or superficial veins (superficial vein thrombosis or SVT), with the formation of one or more blood clots. if no blood clot, termed simply phlebitis

elongated, dilated, superficial veins (varices) with incompetent valves that permit reverse blood flow. these veins appear in various parts of the anatomy.

death of tissue due to lack of blood supply

condition of below normal blood pressure.

occurs when a patient experiences an episode of low blood pressure upon rising to a standing position

inflammation of a lymph node

disease of the lymph nodes or vessels that may be localized or generalized

a superficial dilation of lymphatic vessels

inflammation of lymph vessels

accumulation of lymphatic fluid and resultant swelling caused by obstruction, removal, or hypoplasia of lymph vessels

enlargement of the spleen

benign growth usually occurring on the interatrial septum

noncancerous tumor of the blood vessels. may be congenital ("stork bite") or may develop later in life

noncancerous tumor of epithelial origin that is often associated with myasthenia gravis

rare cancer of the heart usually originating in the left atrium

rare cancer of the cells that line the blood vessels

this cancer is diagnosed by the detection of a type of cell specific only to this disorder: Reed-Sternberg cells

a collection of all lymphatic cancers but Hodgkin lymphomas. this type is the more numerous of the two lymphomas and is the sixth most common type of cancer in the US

this rare malignancy of the thymus gland is particulary invasive and, unlike its benign form, is not associated with autoimmune disorders