-
Thinking, or cognition, refers
to a process that ....
Cognitive
psychologists study these.
- involves knowing, understanding, remembering, problem
- solving, decision making, and communicating.
-
Concept
- The mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people,
- defined by common features they share.
- Organized into category
- hierarchies
-
Concepts can be formed by
Definition But more often—prototype
-
Prototype
- A mental image or best example that incorporates all the
- features we associate with a category
-
The more closely something matches our prototype...
the more easily we recognize it as an example
-
How do we solve problems? *list*
Trial and - error
Algorithm Heuristics - insight
-
Step-by-step - procedure that guarantees a solution
-
Strategy, faster than Algorithm but not garenteed results
-
insight
Sometimes we are unaware of using a problem-solving strategy
-
Obstacles to Problem-Solving
Confirmation - bias-- A tendency to search for information
- that confirms a personal bias.
Fixation-- An - inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. This impedes problem
- solving.
-
Explaining Language Development
Operant
Learning
-
Explaining Language Development
Inborn
Universal Grammar
: Chomsky (1959, 1987) - opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is
- so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and thus most
- of it is inborn.
-
Explaining Language Development
Statistical
Learning
and Critical Periods
- Well before our first birthday, our brains are
- discerning word breaks by statistically analyzing which syllables in hap-py-ba-by go together. These
- statistical analyses are learned during critical periods of child development.
-
Language Influences Thinking
Linguistic
Determinism
Whorf (1956) - suggested that language determines the way we think.
For example, he noted - that the Hopi people do not have the past tense for verbs. Therefore, the Hopi
- cannot think readily about the past.
-
When thinking in images visulizing the outcome stimulation has ____ effect opposed to visualizing the process which has ___ effect
Little effect, Benificial
-
Intelligence
The - ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to
- new situations
-
IQ
a score - once obtained on a particular intelligence test
In - research studies, intelligence is
- whatever the intelligence test measures. This tends to be “school smarts.”
-
Spearman proposed that ____ ____ underlies various
types of intelligence.
general intelligence (g)
-
L. L. Thurstone, a
critic of Spearman, analyzed his subjects NOT on a single scale of general
intelligence, but on seven clusters of ____ ____ ____
primary mental abilities
-
Thurstone's primary mental
abilities included ...
1.Word Fluency 2.Verbal Comprehension 3.Spatial Ability 4.Perceptual Speed 5.Numerical Ability 6.Inductive Reasoning 7.Memory
-
True or false
Later - psychologists analyzed Thurstone’s data and
- found a weak relationship between these clusters, suggesting some evidence of a
- g factor.
-
-
What is wrong with this form of assessing intelligence?
-
today’s
tests compute an intelligence ability score based on the test-taker’s
performance...
relative to others of the same age.
-
The averagie IQ is...
100
-
Aptitude tests
- are
- intended
- to predict your ability to learn a new skill (e.g., college entrance exams)
-
Achievement tests
- are
- intended to reflect what you have already learned.
-
Standardizing a test involves ....
- administering the test to
- a representative sample of future test takers in order to establish a basis for
- meaningful comparison.
-
Standardized tests establish a normal distribution of
scores on a tested population in a bell-shaped pattern called the ___ ___
normal curve.
-
In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen
steadily by an average of 27 points.
This phenomenon is known as the ___ ___
Flynn effect.
-
A test is ____when it yields consistent results over
different test administrations.
reliable
-
Reliability of a test does not ensure validity.
Validity of a test
refers to...
- how
- well the test measures or predicts
- what it is supposed
- to.
-
A ___ ____ is a self-confirming
concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
stereotype threat
-
This stereotype threat phenomenon appears in some instances in
intelligence testing among...
African-Americans and among women of all colors.
-
Intelligence
scores become stable after about ___ years of age.
seven
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