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Tiffanymiles90
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What is an Atom?
Smallest individual particle retaining properties of an element.
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What is an Element?
Fundamental substances into which matter can be broken down chemically.
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What is a Mineral?
- Naturally formed inorganic solid that has a specific chemical composition and a distinct crystal structure.
- Composed of elements.
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What is a Rock?
- Naturally formed
- Coherent mass of one or more minerals
- Sometimes including organic debris
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What are the 5 properties that a Mineral must have?
- Naturally formed
- Inorganic
- Solid
- Specific Chemical Composition
- Characteristic Crystal Structure
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What is a Mineraloid?
Lack specific composition and/or characteristic crystal structure.
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What is the Nucleus made of?
- Protons and Neutrons
- very little volume but nearly all mass of atom
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Is a Proton Positive or Negative or Neutral?
Positive
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Is a Neutron Positive or Negative or Neutral?
Neutral
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Is an Electron Positive or Negative or Neutral?
Negative
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The total number or Protons in a nucleus indicates ___________.
the atoms Atomic Number
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The Total number of Protons plus Neutrons is the _____________.
Mass Number
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What are Isotopes?
Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
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Electrons move around the nucleus in complex 3-D patterns called _________.
Orbitals
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___________ are groupings of orbitals.
Energy-level shells
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What is an Ion?
Atom with excessive positive or negative charge caused by electron transfer.
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What is a + charged Ion called?
Cation
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What is a - charged Ion called?
Anion
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What is a Compound?
- An Atom of 2 or more elements combined in a specific ration.
- i.e. Water
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What are the 4 bonds we talked about in class?
- Ionic
- Covalent
- Metallic
- van der Waals
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What are Ionic bonds?
- Electrostatic attractions between + & - charged particles
- Weak
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What are Covalent bonds?
- Sharing of electrons by two adjacent atoms
- Strong
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What is a Metallic bond?
- Closely packed atoms
- Electrons shared between several atoms
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What is a van der Waals bond?
Weak secondary attraction between certain molecules.
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What is a Complex Ion?
Two or more ions that act as a single entity.
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What is a Crystal Structure?
Geometric patterns of atoms in a solid.
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What is a Crystalline?
Has a crystal structure
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What is Amorphous?
Lack of crystal structures
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What is Ionic Substitution?
Ions with similar sizes and charges can substitute for each other.
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What are the 7 properties of minerals?
- Crystal Form
- Cleavage
- Luster
- Color
- Streak
- Hardness
- Density
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What is Crystal Form?
- Growth Habit
- Geometric arrangement of crystal faces
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What is a Polymorph?
2 or more minerals with the same composition but different crystal structures.
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What is Cleavage?
Mineral's tendency to break in preferred directions along planar surfaces.
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What is Luster?
Quality and intensity of light reflected from mineral.
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What is Color?
Often striking, but unreliable means of identification.
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What is Streak?
Thin layer of powdered mineral made by rubbing it on non-glazed porcelain.
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What is hardness?
Mineral's relative resistance to scratching.
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What is Density?
- Mass/Unit Volume
- Specific gravity - ration of mass of substance to mass of equal volume of water
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What is the most common Element?
Oxygen
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What is the Second most common Element?
Silicon
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What are Silicates?
- Minerals that contain Silicate Anion (Si04)-4Most abundant group
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What is the most abundant group of Minerals?
Silicates
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What is a Silicate Tetrahedron?
- Four oxygen atoms (Large) surrounding a silicon atom (small)
- Oxygen atoms must bond with other cations and/or bond with 2 silicon atoms at one time
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During a Silicate Tetrahedron what must oxygen atoms bond with?
- Oxygen atoms must bond with:
- other cations and/or
- bond with 2 silicon atoms at one time
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What is Polymerization?
Process of linking silicate tetrahedra.
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Olivine group has what kind of Tetrahedra?
Isolated Silicate
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What is distinctive about the Olivine group?
Green color
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What kind of tetrahedra does the Garnet group have?
Isolated
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What kind of tetrahedra does the Pyroxene group have?
Single Chains
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What kind of tetrahedra does the Amphibole group have?
Double chains
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What are the 3 main types of Rocks?
- Igneous
- Sedimentary
- Metamorphic
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How are Igneous rocks formed?
From cooling and solidification of magma
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How are sedimentary rocks formed?
From consolidation of sediment
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How are Metamorphic rocks formed?
It's original form has been altered by high temperatures and/or high presser
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Explain the Rock Cycle
Exposed rocks are transformed into sediment --> Sediment is buried and compacted, becoming sedimentary rock --> deeper burial turns it into metamorphic rock --> even deeper burial may cause rock to melt, forming magma from which igneous rocks will form
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