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Bio 1215-Chapter 1

  1. what is the best evidence about how our universe began?
    began with a "big bang" 13.7 billion years ago
  2. How old is the earth and the solar system?
    more than 4.5 billion years old
  3. How did the earth and solar system form?
    from the coming together of pre-existing debris joined by gravity
  4. How did the elements settle in the earth?
    settled by density in early earth
  5. How old are the oldest rocks and how were they discovered?
    oldest rocks over 4 billions years old and discovered by radioactive isotopes
  6. when did surface water stabilize into oceans?
    about 4 billion years ago
  7. what were the 5 major elements found in the surface and atmosphere?
    • N2
    • CO2
    • HCN
    • NH3
    • H2O
    • Very little O2
  8. when did the origin of life begin?
    more than 3 billion years ago
  9. O2 is destructive to bonds in ____________ .
    organic molecules
  10. what are some things that define a living thing? List at least 7.
    • order
    • cells
    • reproduction
    • evolution
    • metabolism
    • ability to grow
    • transforms energy
    • homeostasis
    • respond to stimuli
  11. How old are the oldest fossils?
    3.1-3.7 billion years
  12. what are some evidence that life may have began earlier, before atmosphere stabilized? (2)
    • old fossils
    • ambiguous chemicals
  13. why did the first organisms use a process other than cellular respiration to transform energy? what was the alternative?
    • because there was very little oxygen in the atmosphere
    • may have released methane
  14. how does methane and the green house effect relate?
    methane may have warmed the climate via the green house effect
  15. when did photosynthesis evolve?
    more than 2.5 billion years ago
  16. which organism might have been the first to use photosynthesis?
    cyanobacteria
  17. what are stromatolites?
    photosynthetic prokaryotes
  18. what did photosynthetic bacteria add to the atmosphere and water bodies? what is the proof?
    • added oxygen
    • rust is evidence b/c oxygen was not present therefore no rust formed on metals
  19. how did rising oxygen levels affect early life? why?
    probably poisoned many kinds of early life because oxygen very reactive
  20. when did eukaryotes first appear?
    about 2 billion years ago
  21. when did the first animals appear?
    about 600 million years ago
  22. A great diversification of animals occurred in which period?
    • the Cambrian explosion
    • (all these animal groups were aquatic)
  23. when did the first plants and fungi appear?
    about 500 million years ago
  24. how old are humans?
    about 200 000 years olds
  25. what are 2 ways the earth is still changing?
    • climate is changing (global warming)
    • species are evolving and going extinct
  26. what does the chemical origin of life suggest?
    theory suggest that life began abiotically (ex. chemicals)
  27. why is it unlikely that new forms of life are forming from simple chemicals today? (2)
    • lots of reactive oxygen around (prevents molecules from combining into organic molecules)
    • existing organisms would consume organic molecules before they could assemble into something more complicated
  28. what are the 4 potential steps in the chemical origin of life?
    • abiotic synthesis of organic monomers
    • monomers being converted it polymers
    • origin of self-replicating molecules (allowing for inheritance)
    • packaging into membrane-enclosed bags
  29. what did Miller and Urey try to do?
    tried to recreate the conditions of the early earth to test how monomers might have formed on the young earth
  30. what did Miller and Urey find after their experiment?
    found several amino acids had formed
  31. Monomers forming into polymers is called?
    dehydration synthesis
  32. how can dehydration synthesis occur in the early earth?
    can occur if dilute monomer solutions drip onto hot rocks or sand
  33. what natural elements can increase reaction rates? (2)
    • clay: have polar and charged areas
    • some metals: like iron in pyrite act as catalysts
  34. what unnatural elements speed up reactions? (3)
    • heat
    • catalyst
    • concentration
  35. what are 5 reasons of why RNA may have come before DNA?
    • single strand
    • short pieces can be made abiotically
    • is autocatalytic
    • binds to amino acids, helping them to join
    • DNA is more stable and must have come after
  36. what are protobionts?
    "pre-cells" (membrane bags)
  37. how can protobionts be made abiotically?
    phospholipids in water
  38. what evidence could suggest that organic molecules got here from space?
    amino acids and strings of sugars have been found in meteorites
  39. what evidence could suggest that organic molecules began in the ice?
    bits of nucleic acids can be formed in ice in the lab
  40. As water freezes, other molecules are concentrated into tiny __________________ within it.
    liquid water bubbles
  41. what element can be formed in the ice when in a lab?
    bits of nucleic acids 
Author
CanuckGirl
ID
256200
Card Set
Bio 1215-Chapter 1
Description
earth, living things
Updated

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