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the number of unpaired electrons in an atom is its?
Valence
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When the outer shell is full of electrons and the atom is content and unreactive the atom is?
Inert
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When the outer shell is not full, is unstable and looking for fulfillment the atom is?
Reactive
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except for the first shell which is full with two electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their valence shell
Octet Rule
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living together in the same space
cohabitate
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Covalent bonds are formed by?
Sharing electrons
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an atom that has a charge
Ion
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weak attractions between opposite partial charges are?
Hydrogen Bonds
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the measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons is called?
Electronegativity
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materials that dissolve easily in water are?
Hydrophilic
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what best describes the atoms of the top four elements?
they are reactive - looking for fulfillment, outer shell not full
-
what are the four groups of organic macromolecules?
- Proteins
- nucleic acids
- carbohydrates
- lipids
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molecules unique to living systems containing carbon are?
Organic compounds
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The most versatile atom on earth is?
Carbon
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How many amino acids do we know are used in biological systems?
20
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Strings of amino acids are called?
Peptides
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What is the monomer of Carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
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Functions of Carbohydrates
- Energy storage
- structure (chitin)
- protection
- Signaling (tells sells what they are)
-
two major types of lipids?
Isoprene and Fatty Acid
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What are lipids mostly made up of?
Carbon Chains and hydrogen
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What are the two types of Fatty Acid Lipids and their structures?
- Saturated - single bonds, solid at room temp, found commonly found in animals
- Unsaturated - have some double bonds, oil at room temp, found in plants
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Means different parts of the molecule have different properties
Amphipathic
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Carbohydrate in a lipid
Glycolipid
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Means that only certain things can cross a membrane
Selective Permeability
-
Movement of substances against the gradient, low to high concentration
Active Transport
-
-
States that:
Cells are the smallest units of living organisms
All organisms are made of cells
all cells come from preexisting cells
Cell Theory
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Positively charged ions are called
Cations
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Negatively charged ions are called?
Anions
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What type of covalent bond has a partial charge?
Polar
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When electrons are shared equally or symmetrically what type of covalent bond is formed?
Non polar covalent
-
A bond that is formed when there is complete transfer of electrons
Ionic bond
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