Health Science 2211-Lecture 3

  1. what are the 3 layers that blood vessel consists of?
    • tunica interna
    • tunica media
    • tunica externa
  2. what are the 3 layers in the tunica interna? Briefly describe each.
    • endothelium: continuous with endocardium of heart
    • Basement membrane: provides physical support for endothelial layer
    • Internal elastic lamina: thin layer of elastic tissue
  3. what are the 2 layers in the tunica media? Briefly describe them.
    • smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue: give blood vessel structure
    • external elastic lamina: another layer of elastic tissue
  4. what is the function of the tunica media and how does in differ between blood vessels?
    • controls the diameter of the vessel
    • thinner in veins than in arteries
  5. what does the tunica externa consist of, what is it supplied with and what is it's function?
    • consists of elastic and collagen fibers
    • supplied with nerves and blood vessels (vasa vasorum)
    • function is to anchor vessels to surrounding tissue
  6. what are 4 functions of endothelial cells?
    • block passage of large molecules out of lumen, into tissues
    • prevent coagulation
    • control vascular smooth muscle cells
    • various roles in inflammation, repair
  7. what do the endothelial cells interact with? (3)
    • basement membrane
    • other endothelial cells
    • leukocytes
  8. what are the 4 function of smooth muscle?
    • give blood vessel structure
    • helps regulate blood flow/pressure
    • maintains extracellular matrix by building and secreting elastin, collagen
    • can proliferate to repair damaged blood vessel
  9. what are the 2 main circulations?
    • pulmonary circulation: short loop runs from right side of heart to the lungs and back to the heart
    • Systematic circulation: long loop from left side of the heart to all parts of the body and back to heart
  10. what are the 3 ways that blood return back to the heart?
    • superior venae caveae
    • inferior venae caveae
    • coronary sinus
  11. Why do pulmonary arteries have a larger diameter, thinner walls and less elastic tissue than systematic tissue?
    less pressure is needed to move blood through the lungs (less distance less resistance)
  12. Arterioles, capillaries and venules are collectively referred to as?
    the microcirculation
  13. what is one thing different regarding structure in arteries compared to veins? what are the 2 types of arteries?
    • arteries have a thick tunica media
    • elastic arteries (conducting arteries)
    • muscular arteries (distributing arteries)
  14. what's vasoconstriction?
    contraction of smooth muscle, squeezing the vessel wall and narrowing the lumen of the blood vessel
  15. what's vasodilation?
    smooth muscle fibers relax and lumen diameter increases
  16. Describe the structure of elastic arteries and what is its function?
    • has more elastic fibers and less smooth muscle
    • able to receive blood under pressure and propel it onward
    • function as a pressure reservoir
  17. why are elastic arteries also called conducting arteries?
    because they conduct blood from the heart to medium sized muscular arteries
  18. Describe the structure of muscle arteries and what is it's function?
    • medium-sized arteries with more smooth muscle than elastic fibers in tunica media
    • function is modifying the diameter to adjust rate of flow through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
  19. why are muscular arteries also called distributing arteries?
    because they direct blood flow and distribute blood to specific parts of the body
  20. what are arterioles and what are its 2 functions?
    very small arteries (microscopic) that regulate blood flow into capillaries and in altering arterial blood pressure
  21. what is the structure for arterioles closer to the capillaries? (3)
    contain endothelium, smooth muscle cells, and a thin layer of connective tissue
  22. what are capillaries and what is it's function?
    • microscopic vessels that connect arterioles to venules
    • function in exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue fluid
  23. what is the structure of capillaries? (2)
    endothelium and basement membrane
  24. describe the structure of venules and what cannot it withstand?
    • have thin walls that do not readily maintain their shape
    • not designed to withstand high pressure
  25. Blood flow through body tissues, also called tissue perfusion is involved in (5)?
    • delivery of O2 nutrients & water throughout body and removal of wastes from tissue cells
    • gas exchange in lungs
    • absorption of nutrients in digestive tract
    • urine formation in kidneys
    • maintaining body temperature in skin
  26. what is blood flow?
    volume of blood moving past a point in a given amount of time
  27. Blood flows from a region of______ pressure to _____ pressure
    High to low
  28. The greater the _____________the greater the blood flow.
    pressure difference
  29. the more _________ the less blood flow.
    resistance
  30. What are 4 factors that affect blood flow?
    • blood pressure
    • vascular resistance to flow
    • venous return
    • velocity of blood flow
  31. What is blood pressure and what is caused by?
    • pressure exerted by blood walls of a vessel
    • caused by contraction of ventricles (ventricular systole)
  32. what is a regular blood pressure?
    120/80
  33. Increasing what 2 factors increases your arterial blood pressure?
    Increasing cardiac output and increasing resistance
  34. What is vascular resistance?
    the force opposing the flow of blood due to friction of blood and the vessel walls
  35. what two mechanisms can be powerful regulators of blood pressure??
    vasoconstriction and vasodilation
  36. What does blood viscosity depend on and how does it increase blood pressure?
    • depends mostly on ratio of red blood cells to plasma (fluid) volume
    • high viscosity=high resistance=high blood pressure
  37. How does being obsess increase your chance of blood pressure?
    being over weight increases the total blood vessel length, which creates more resistance which leads to increased blood pressure
  38. Most of the pressure driving the return of blood to the heart comes from _________________.
    left ventricular contraction
  39. when standing, ________ opposes flow up to heart, almost overcoming upward pressure.
    gravity
  40. What are 2 supplementary pumps that help out with venous return?
    • skeletal muscle pump
    • respiratory pump
  41. how does the respiratory pump help with venous return? (in regards of breathing and the diaphragm)
    • breathing helps bring blood back to the heart 
    • the movement of the diaphragm downward creates an area of lower pressure around the heart, and an area of higher pressure in the abdomen, which pushes blood up to the heart
  42. what is the function of valves in large veins on the legs?
    prevents the backflow of blood 
  43. how does the skeletal muscle help with venous return?
    as skeletal muscles contract, they compress the veins allowing the valves above the contracting muscle in the skeletal muscle pump to open and allow blood to move to the heart 
  44. what is the function of valves above the contracting muscle in the skeletal muscle pump?
    the open allowing blood to move toward the heart
  45. what is the function of valves below the contracting muscle in the skeletal muscle pump?
    are forced closed, preventing backflow of blood to the capillaries 
  46. what is the velocity of blood in arteries,veins and capillaries?
    • fastest in arteries/aorta 
    • slowest in capillaries
    • increases speed again in veins
  47. what are the 2 systemic regulation of blood pressure?
    • nervous system
    • hormones
  48. what are the 2 auto-regulation of blood pressure?
    • metabolic 
    • myogenic 
  49. what are the 4 inputs to the cardiovascular center in the brain?
    • from diff parts of the brain: anticipation of competition, increase in body temperature
    • proprioceptors: input during physical activity
    • Baroreceptors: changes in pressure withing blood vessels 
    • Chemoreceptors: monitor concentration of chemicals in the blood
  50. what is the output from the cardiovascular center? (3)
    • Heart rate increases or decreases
    • contractility of the heart can increase or decrease
    • Blood vessels can go through vasoconstriction or vasodilation 
  51. how are hormones used for regulation of blood pressure?
    increase secretion of urine ---> decreases blood volume ---> which decreases blood pressure 
  52. how do metabolic controls, control regulation of blood pressure? (2)
    • local factors can cause change in each capillary bed (increases in activity of an organ will increase blood flow to that organ)
    • vasoactive substances released from cells alter vessel diameter
  53. In myogenic controls of regulation of blood pressure, myogenic responses of arteriolar vascular smooth muscle keep tissue perfusion ________________?
    constant despite most fluctuations in systemic blood pressure
  54. what is passive stretch?
    • increased intravascular pressure
    • promotes increased tone and vasoconstriction acting to resist the initial passive stretch
  55. what is reduced stretch?
    promotes vasodilation and increases blood flow to tissue
  56. An example of long term auto-regulation of blood pressure is angiogenesis? when does is occur?
    • occurs when short-term auto-regulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirement
    • number of vessels to a region increases and existing vessels enlarge
  57. what is a pulse?
    pressure waves caused by the expansion and recoil of arteries
  58. what is systolic pressure?
    peak arterial pressure during heart contraction
  59. what is diastolic pressure?
    minimum arterial pressure between contractions, when the heart expands and refills
  60. One way to measure blood pressure is through the auscultatory method. what is it?
    using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
  61. Blood pressure cycles over a ______________.
    24 hour period
  62. when does blood pressure peak and what are some things that can increase blood pressure?
    • blood pressure peaks in the morning due to levels of hormones
    • age, sex, weight, race, mood, and physical condition may vary BP
  63. Blood pressure increases with ___________ resistance and _________ cardiac output.
    • increased
    • increased
  64. what is hypotension? what is it often associated with?
    • low blood pressure
    • associated with long life and lack of cardio vascular illness
  65. what is hypertension? where is it more persistent?
    • high blood pressure
    • often persistent in obese people
  66. what are the 3 types of hypotension?
    • orthostatic hypotension
    • chronic hypotension
    • acute hypotension
  67. what is orthostatic hypotension?
    temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from sitting position
  68. what is chronic hypotension?
    • hint of poor nutrition and warning sign Addison's disease
    • low protein decreases viscosity of the blood
  69. what is acute hypotension?
    important sign of circulatory shock
  70. what is shock? what does it result in?
    • failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
    • results in cells and tissue becoming damaged or dying
  71. what are the 4 types of shock? Briefly describe each.
    • Hypovolemic shock: due to decreased blood volume ex. hemorrhage
    • cardiogenic shock: due to poor heart function
    • vascular shock: due to excessive vasodilation (causes drop in BP, ex. allergies)
    • Obstructive shock: due to obstruction of blood flow (ex. embolism)
  72. what number is defined as hypertension?
    140/90
  73. what is primary hypertension?
    • 90-95% of all cases
    • elevated BP that cannot be attributed to any particular organic cause
  74. what is secondary hypertension?
    • 5-10% of all cases
    • identifiable underlying cause such as obstruction of renal flow
Author
CanuckGirl
ID
257465
Card Set
Health Science 2211-Lecture 3
Description
blood vessels anatomy
Updated