Complications of a MI.txt

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  1. What is a complication noted in patients with inferior wall MI?
    Bradydysrhythmia

    also common with 2nd or 3rd degree AV heart blocks
  2. What occurs in 10-15% of patients post MI that can be confused with recurrent angina??
    pericarditis
  3. Describe the pain associated with pericarditis
    • pain is worse when inspiring or lying down.
    • patients will frequently change positions to relieve pain.
  4. What may be evident on an EKG with pericarditis??
    Diffuse ST segment or T wave changes.
  5. how do you treat pericarditis??
    ASA or indomethacin
  6. What is dresslers syndrome??
    It is a form of pericarditis that develops several weeks to months following an MI.. it is related to an immune response.
  7. Mitral regurg occurs more often with what kind of MI?
    inferior wall MI
  8. What are the results of mitral regurg from an inferior wall MI?
    • cardiogenic shock or pulmonary edema
    • total muscle rupture
  9. Ventricular septal rupture is more likely seen with an ____ MI.
    anterior wall MI
  10. A MI is often complicated by some degree of _____.
    Left ventricular dysfunction.
  11. how would you assess for L ventricular dysfunction??
    3rd heart sound or decreased PaO2 will be evident.
  12. What is the clinical triad of symptoms associated with right ventricular infarct?/?
    • hypotension
    • increased jugular pressure
    • clear lung field in patients with inferior wall MI
  13. what is undesirable in the treatment of R ventricular infarction??
    vasodilation and diuretics
  14. Most perioperative Mi's occur within ___ after surgery.
    24-48 hours
  15. What symptoms often precede a perioperative MI?
    Tachycardia and ST depression

    SILENT MI.. presents as NSTEMI
  16. What are the 2 hypothesis for the causes of perioperative MI's?
    increase myocardial oxygen demand and sudden development of clot due to a vulnerable plaque rupture.
  17. What are some post operative changes that can create a prothrombotic state that can lead to perioperative MI's??
    changes in blood viscosity, catecholamine concentrations, cortisol levels, tissue plasminogen activator concentrations and plasminogen activator inhibitor levels
  18. What changes occur after surgery that can lead to an increased amount of endothelial damage that could cause a perioperative MI?
    changes in HR and BP

    can lead to plaque rupture
  19. If a patient suspected of a silent MI they should always be referred to a cardiologist!!
  20. Dyspnea after the onset of angina suggests ______.
    left ventricular dysfunction
  21. Elective noncardiac surgery should be delayed for ___ after coronary angioplasty.
    6 weeks
  22. Elective surgery should be delayed ___ after PCI with bare metal stent placement and as long as ____ in patients with drug electing stent placement.
    • 6 weeks
    • 12 months
  23. Renal insufficiency or a creatitine of _____ puts patients at increased risk of perioperative cardiac events.
    >2.0
  24. What are the 6 independent predictors of cardiac complications post operatively ....
    • 1. High risk surgery
    • 2.  HF
    • 3. cerebrovascular disease
    • 4. IDDM
    • 5. Ischemic Heart Disease
    • 6. Creatinine >2
  25. PREOPERATIVE TESTING SHOULD BE PERFORMED ONLY IF IT IS LIKELY TO INFLUENCE PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT.
  26. What are the 3 steps used to determine if a patient needs further eval before surgery??
    • 1. Urgency of surgery (need for emergency surgery takes precedence over additional workup).
    • 2. Has the patient undergone revascularization before??
    • 3. Has the patient undergone non invasive cardiac testing?
  27. If the patient has underwent revascularization within the past 5 years or has had appropriate intervention in 2 years with no deterioration --- further eval is unwarranted.
  28. Name some conditions that are considered major clinical risk factors for surgery...
    • unstable coronary syndrome
    • decompensated HF
    • arrhythmias
    • severe valvular heart disease
  29. Name some conditions that are considered intermediate clinical risk factors for surgery...
    • previous MI (in hx)
    • compensated or previous HF
    • IDDM
    • Renal failure
  30. Name some conditions that are considered minor clinical risk factors for surgery...
    • HTN
    • LBBB
    • nonspecific ST changes
  31. Functional Capacity is expressed in _________.
    metabolic equivalent of the task (METs)

    aka... or exercise tolerance
  32. What is 4 METS equal to??
    climbing a flight of stairs
  33. If a patient has a METS of 4.... they are considered to ??
    have good functioning capacity

    risk of complications low
  34. Patients with two of the following three factors
    1.
    2.
    3.
    should be considered for further cardiac eval.
    • 1. high risk surgery
    • 2. low exercise tolerance
    • 3. moderate clinical risk factors.
  35. List some high risk surgeries..
    These surgeries have >5% chance of cardiac events.
    • emergency major surgery
    • aortic or major vascular surgery
    • prolonged surgery
    • surgeries with large fluid shifts or blood loss
  36. List some intermediate risk surgeries...
    These surgeries have <5% risk of cardiac events....
    • CEA (Carotid endarterectomy)
    • head and neck surgerys
    • intraperitoneal surgeries
    • orthopedic surgeries
    • and prostate surgeries
  37. List some low risk surgeries...
    These surgeries are suggested to have <1% chance of cardiac events
    • endoscopic procedures
    • superficial procedures
    • cataracts
    • breast surgeries
    • biopsies
  38. For a CABG surgery to be beneficial, the risk of the noncardiac operation should be greater than the combined risk of the heart cath and CABG.
    in book page 21 (stoelings)

Card Set Information

Author:
 jaime.davenport
ID:
 257553
Filename:
 Complications of a MI.txt
Updated:
2014-01-20 21:24:07
Tags:
patho
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Description:
patho test 1
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